Simulating jets and heavy quarks in the Glasma using the colored particle-in-cell method

Abstract

We explore the impact of strong classical color fields, which occur in the earliest stages of heavy-ion collisions and are known as the Glasma, on the classical transport of hard probes, namely heavy quarks and jets. To achieve this, we simulate SU(3) color fields using classical real-time lattice gauge theory and couple them to an ensemble of test particles whose dynamics are described by Wong's equations. We provide an overview of how classical color algebras are constructed and introduce a method to generate random classical SU(3) color charges. We extensively test our numerical particle solver in the limits of infinitely massive heavy quarks and ultra-relativistic light-like jets and obtain excellent quantitative agreement with previous studies. Going towards realistic masses and initial moment, we extract longitudinal and transverse momentum broadening for heavy quarks and jets. The resulting accumulated momenta and the anisotropy of these dynamical hard probes exhibit deviations from limiting scenarios, showing that the full dynamics have a significant effect.

arXiv comment30 pages, 15 figures; v2 added references, fixed typos v3 published in PRD

References in corpus (70)

• Computing Quark and Gluon Distribution Functions for Very Large Nuclei
• The Color Glass Condensate
• Green's Functions in the Color Field of a Large Nucleus
• Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions
• Calculating the Jet Quenching Parameter from AdS/CFT
• Some Features of the Glasma
• Gluon Production from Non-Abelian Weizsäcker-Williams Fields in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
• Event-by-event gluon multiplicity, energy density and eccentricities at RHIC and LHC
• Non-perturbative computation of gluon mini-jet production in nuclear collisions at very high energies
• Production of gluons in the classical field model for heavy ion collisions
• The initial gluon multiplicity in heavy ion collisions
• Transverse Momentum Broadening of a Fast Quark in a $\mathbb{N}=4$ Yang Mills Plasma
• Heavy Quark Momentum Diffusion Coefficient from Lattice QCD
• The evolving Glasma
• Classical Transport Theory and Hard Thermal Loops in the Quark-Gluon Plasma
• O(g) plasma effects in jet quenching
• Wilson line correlator in the MV model: relating the glasma to deep inelastic scattering
• Energy density of the Glasma
• Revealing proton shape fluctuations with incoherent diffraction at high energy
• Transverse Momentum Broadening and the Jet Quenching Parameter, Redux
• Color Glass Condensate and Glasma
• Semi-classical transport theory for non-Abelian plasmas
• A lattice study of the jet quenching parameter
• Lattice QCD constraints on the heavy quark diffusion coefficient
• Chern-Simons number diffusion with hard thermal loops
• 3-D Glasma initial state for relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Ultraviolet avalanche in anisotropic non-Abelian plasmas
• Mean Field Dynamics in Non-Abelian Plasmas from Classical Transport Theory
• Jet quenching as a probe of the initial stages in heavy-ion collisions
• High-energy jet quenching in weakly-coupled quark-gluon plasmas
• Effective Transport Equations for non-Abelian Plasmas
• Impact of Glasma on heavy quark observables in nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC
• Heavy quark momentum diffusion from the lattice using gradient flow
• Spectral function for overoccupied gluodynamics from real-time lattice simulations
• Classical Lattice Gauge Fields with Hard Thermal Loops
• Jet momentum broadening in the pre-equilibrium Glasma
• Effect of pre-equilibrium phase on $R_{AA}$ and $v_2$ of heavy quarks in heavy ion collisions
• Anisotropic momentum broadening in the 2+1D Glasma: analytic weak field approximation and lattice simulations
• Heavy quark diffusion in an overoccupied gluon plasma
• Heavy Quarks Embedded in Glasma
• Broken boost invariance in the Glasma via finite nuclei thickness
• Memory effects on energy loss and diffusion of heavy quarks in the quark-gluon plasma
• The cathode tube effect: heavy quarks probing the Glasma in p-Pb collisions
• Initial energy density and gluon distribution from the Glasma in heavy-ion collisions
• Useful relations among the generators in the defining and adjoint representations of SU(N)
• Simulating collisions of thick nuclei in the color glass condensate framework
• Non-perturbative determination of collisional broadening and medium induced radiation in QCD plasmas
• Heavy quark diffusion in pre-equilibrium stage of heavy ion collisions
• Diffusion of heavy quarks in the early stage of high-energy nuclear collisions at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Randomness in infinitesimal extent in the McLerran-Venugopalan model
• Ballistic diffusion of heavy quarks in the early stage of relativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC
• Transverse momentum diffusion and jet energy loss in non-Abelian plasmas
• Momentum broadening in unstable quark-gluon plasma
• 3-D structure of the Glasma initial state -- Breaking boost-invariance by collisions of extended shock waves in classical Yang-Mills theory
• Proton hot spots and exclusive vector meson production
• Momentum Broadening of a Fast Parton in a Perturbative Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Medium-induced radiation with vacuum propagation in the pre-hydrodynamics phase
• Transverse momentum broadening and collinear radiation at NLO in the $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM plasma
• Progress on 3+1D Glasma simulations
• Space-time structure of 3+1D color fields in high energy nuclear collisions
• Exploring Longitudinal Observables with 3+1D IP-Glasma
• IP-Glasma Phenomenology Beyond 2D
• Implicit schemes for real-time lattice gauge theory
• Revisiting SU(N) integrals
• Plasmon mass scale in classical nonequilibrium gauge theory
• A remark on non-Abelian classical kinetic theory
• The glasma initial state at the LHC
• Plasmon mass scale in two dimensional classical nonequilibrium gauge theory
• Heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient in 3D gluon plasma
• Momentum broadening of heavy quarks and jets in the Glasma from classical colored particle simulations

Cited by in corpus (23)

• Jet momentum broadening during initial stages in heavy-ion collisions
• Heavy quark diffusion coefficient in heavy-ion collisions via kinetic theory
• Precise description of medium-induced emissions
• Heavy Quark Momentum Broadening in a Non-Abelian Plasma away from Thermal Equilibrium
• Jet quenching parameter in QCD kinetic theory
• Limiting attractors in heavy-ion collisions
• Heavy flavor angular correlations as a direct probe of the glasma
• Accelerated quantum circuit Monte-Carlo simulation for heavy quark thermalization
• Minijet quenching in non-equilibrium quark-gluon plasma
• The impact of glasma on heavy flavor azimuthal correlations and spectra
• Towards the understanding of heavy quarks hadronization: from leptonic to heavy-ion collisions
• Giving wake to energy-energy correlators: Hydrodynamic response on the celestial sphere
• Real-time correlators in 3+1D thermal lattice gauge theory
• Adiabatic Hydrodynamization and the Emergence of Attractors: a Unified Description of Hydrodynamization in Kinetic Theory
• Bayesian Constraints on Pre-Equilibrium Jet Quenching and Predictions for Oxygen Collisions
• Statistical analysis of pQCD energy loss across system size, flavor, $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$, and $p_T$
• Jet quenching in out-of-equilibrium QCD matter
• Charm balance function in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Limiting attractors in heavy-ion collisions -- the interplay between bottom-up and hydrodynamic attractors
• Elliptic flow of charm quarks produced in the early stage of pA collisions
• Gauge invariant momentum broadening of hard probes in glasma
• Heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient during hydrodynamization via effective kinetic theory
• Heavy quark diffusion coefficient during hydrodynamization -- non-equilibrium vs. equilibrium