Multiphase condensation in cluster halos: interplay of cooling, buoyancy and mixing

Abstract

Gas in the central regions of cool-core clusters and other massive halos has a short cooling time ($\lesssim 1\mathrm{Gyr}$). Theoretical models predict that this gas is susceptible to multiphase condensation, in which cold gas is expected to condense out of the hot phase if the ratio of the thermal instability growth time scale ($t_{\mathrm{ti}}$) to the free-fall time ($t_{\mathrm{ff}}$) is $t_{\mathrm{ti}}/t_{\mathrm{ff}}\lesssim 10$. The turbulent mixing time $t_{\mathrm{mix}}$ is another important time scale: if $t_{\mathrm{mix}}$ is short enough, the fluctuations are mixed before they can cool. In this study, we perform high-resolution ($512^2\times 768$--$1024^2\times 1536$ resolution elements) hydrodynamic simulations of turbulence in a stratified medium, including radiative cooling of the gas. We explore the parameter space of $t_{\mathrm{ti}}/t_{\mathrm{ff}}$ and $t_{\mathrm{ti}}/t_{\mathrm{mix}}$ relevant to galaxy and cluster halos. We also study the effect of the steepness of the entropy profile, the strength of turbulent forcing and the nature of turbulent forcing (natural mixture vs. compressive modes) on multiphase gas condensation. We find that larger values of $t_{\mathrm{ti}}/t_{\mathrm{ff}}$ or $t_{\mathrm{ti}}/t_{\mathrm{mix}}$ generally imply stability against multiphase gas condensation, whereas larger density fluctuations (e.g., due to compressible turbulence) promote multiphase gas condensation. We propose a new criterion $\min (t_{\mathrm{ti}}/\min (t_{\mathrm{mix}},t_{\mathrm{ff}}))\lesssim c_2\times \exp (c_1{\sigma }_s)$ for when the halo becomes multiphase, where ${\sigma }_s$ denotes the amplitude of logarithmic density fluctuations and $c_1\simeq 6$, $c_2\simeq 1.8$ from an empirical fit to our results.

MNRAS-accepted version, 16+2 (appendix) pages, 11 figures, simulation movies available at this playlist on youtube: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLuaNgQ1v_KMZlkKXdB7hcaQ7-hb0hmY7G

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• CRexit: how different cosmic ray transport modes affect thermal instability in the circumgalactic medium