Energetic cost of feedback control

Abstract

Successful feedback control of small systems allows for the rectification of thermal fluctuations, converting them into useful energy; however, control itself requires work. This paper emphasizes the fact that the controller is a physical entity interacting with the feedback-controlled system. For a specifically designed class of controllers, reciprocal interactions become nonreciprocal due to large timescale separation, which considerably simplifies the situation. We introduce a minimally dissipative controller model, illustrating the findings using a simple example. We find that the work required to run the controller must at least compensate for the decrease in entropy due to the control operation.

arXiv comment12 pages, 4 figures

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• Flow of Energy and Information in Molecular Machines
• Unlocking the potential of information flow: Maximizing free-energy transduction in a model of an autonomous rotary molecular motor
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• Performance limits of information engines
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• How small can Maxwell's demon be? -- Lessons from autonomous electronic feedback models