Warp and flare of the Galactic disc revealed with supergiants by Gaia EDR3

Abstract

The outer Galactic disc contains some features such as the warp and flare, whose origin is still debated. The Gaia data provide an excellent opportunity to probe the Galactic disc at large distances and study these features. We derive the density distributions of the average (old) whole population and the supergiants (representative of a young population), and we use them to constrain their warp and flare. By comparing the results, we study how the properties of these phenomena depend on the studied population. We used Lucy's deconvolution method to recover corrected star counts as a function of distance, from which we derive the density distribution. We find that supergiants have an asymmetric warp, reaching a maximum amplitude of $z_w=0.658$ kpc and minimum amplitude of $z_w=-0.717$ kpc at a distance of $R=[19.5,20]$ kpc, which is almost twice as high as the amplitude of the whole population of the disc. We find a significant flare of the whole population, especially in the thick disc. The scale height increases from $h_{z,thick}\approx 0.8$ kpc and $h_{z,thin}\approx 0.3$ kpc in the solar neighbourhood, to $h_{z,thick}\approx 3$ kpc and $h_{z,thin}\approx 0.7$ kpc in the remote regions of the Milky Way ($R\approx 18$ kpc). The supergiants' population has only a small flare.

10 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

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• Evidence for Populations-dependent vertical motions and the Long-lived Non-Steady Lopsided Milky Way Warp
• 3-D kinematics of classical Cepheids according to Gaia, EDR3 catalog
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• The truncation of the disk of NGC 4565: Detected up to z=4 kpc, with star formation, and affected by the warp
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