The interplay between AGN feedback and precipitation of the intracluster medium in simulations of galaxy groups and clusters

Abstract

Using high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters, we study the interaction between the brightest cluster galaxy, its supermassive black hole (BH) and the intracluster medium (ICM). We create initial conditions for which the ICM is in hydrostatic equilibrium within the gravitational potential from the galaxy and an NFW dark matter halo. Two free parameters associated with the thermodynamic profiles determine the cluster gas fraction and the central temperature, where the latter can be used to create cool-core or non-cool-core systems. Our simulations include radiative cooling, star formation, BH accretion, and stellar and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. Even though the energy of AGN feedback is injected thermally and isotropically, it leads to anisotropic outflows and buoyantly rising bubbles. We find that the BH accretion rate (BHAR) is highly variable and only correlates strongly with the star formation rate (SFR) and the ICM when it is averaged over more than $1\mathrm{Myr}$. We generally find good agreement with the theoretical precipitation framework. In $10^{13}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ haloes, AGN feedback quenches the central galaxy and converts cool-core systems into non-cool-core systems. In contrast, higher-mass, cool-core clusters evolve cyclically. Episodes of high BHAR raise the entropy of the ICM out to the radius where the ratio of the cooling time and the local dynamical time $t_{\mathrm{cool}}/t_{\mathrm{dyn}}>10$, thus suppressing condensation and, after a delay, the BHAR. The corresponding reduction in AGN feedback allows the ICM to cool and become unstable to precipitation, thus initiating a new episode of high SFR and BHAR.

22 pages, 15 figures (including appendix); submitted to MNRAS; Supplementary material is available on Youtube at https://youtu.be/HQhc_mytj0A and online on a single website page at https://home.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~nobels/supplementary_idealised_cluster_paper.php

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