Coarsening and wavelength selection far from equilibrium: a unifying framework based on singular perturbation theory

Abstract

Intracellular protein patterns are described by (nearly) mass-conserving reaction-diffusion systems. While these patterns initially form out of a homogeneous steady state due to the well-understood Turing instability, no general theory exists for the dynamics of fully nonlinear patterns. We develop a unifying theory for wavelength-selection dynamics in (nearly) mass-conserving two-component reaction-diffusion systems independent of the specific mathematical model chosen. This encompasses both the dynamics of the mesa- and peak-shaped patterns found in these systems. Our analysis uncovers a diffusion- and a reaction-limited regime of the dynamics, which provides a systematic link between the dynamics of mass-conserving reaction-diffusion systems and the Cahn-Hilliard as well as conserved Allen-Cahn equations, respectively. A stability threshold in the family of stationary patterns with different wavelengths predicts the wavelength selected for the final stationary pattern. At short wavelengths, self-amplifying mass transport between single pattern domains drives coarsening while at large wavelengths weak source terms that break strict mass conservation lead to an arrest of the coarsening process. The rate of mass competition between pattern domains is calculated analytically using singular perturbation theory, and rationalized in terms of the underlying physical processes. The resulting closed-form analytical expressions enable us to quantitatively predict the coarsening dynamics and the final pattern wavelength. We find excellent agreement of these expressions with numerical results. The systematic understanding of the length-scale dynamics of fully nonlinear patterns in two-component systems provided here builds the basis to reveal the mechanisms underlying wavelength selection in multi-component systems with potentially several conservation laws.

56 pages, 18 figures, v3: final version

References in corpus (8)

• Collective motion and nonequilibrium cluster formation in colonies of gliding bacteria
• Nonreciprocity as a generic route to traveling states
• From Phase to Micro-Phase Separation in Flocking Models: The Essential Role of Non-Equilibrium Fluctuations
• When does coarsening occur in the dynamics of one-dimensional fronts ?
• On the transient and steady state of mass-conserved reaction diffusion systems
• Bridging scales in a multiscale pattern-forming system
• Self-Replication of Mesa Patterns in Reaction-Diffusion Systems
• Plectoneme dynamics and statistics in braided polymers

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Nonreciprocal pattern formation of conserved fields
• Coarsening dynamics of chemotactic aggregates
• Theory of Nonequilibrium Coexistence with Coupled Conserved and Nonconserved Order Parameters
• Chemotaxis-induced phase separation
• Enzyme-driven phase separation