Search for multi-flare neutrino emissions in 10 years of IceCube data from a catalog of sources

Abstract

A recent time-integrated analysis of a catalog of 110 candidate neutrino sources revealed a cumulative neutrino excess in the data collected by IceCube between April 6, 2008 and July 10, 2018. This excess, inconsistent with the background hypothesis in the Northern hemisphere at the $3.3\sigma$ level, is associated with four sources: NGC 1068, TXS 0506+056, PKS 1424+240 and GB6 J1542+6129. This letter presents two time-dependent neutrino emission searches on the same data sample and catalog: a point-source search that looks for the most significant time-dependent source of the catalog by combining space, energy and time information of the events, and a population test based on binomial statistics that looks for a cumulative time-dependent neutrino excess from a subset of sources. Compared to previous time-dependent searches, these analyses enable a feature to possibly find multiple flares from a single direction with an unbinned maximum-likelihood method. M87 is found to be the most significant time-dependent source of this catalog at the level of $1.7\sigma$ post-trial, and TXS 0506+056 is the only source for which two flares are reconstructed. The binomial test reports a cumulative time-dependent neutrino excess in the Northern hemisphere at the level of $3.0\sigma$ associated with four sources: M87, TXS 0506+056, GB6 J1542+6129 and NGC 1068.

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• PKS 1424+240: yet another masquerading BL Lac object as a possible IceCube neutrino source
• NGC 1068 constraints on neutrino-dark matter scattering
• Investigating the correlations between IceCube high-energy neutrinos and Fermi-LAT gamma-ray observations
• The hunt for extraterrestrial high-energy neutrino counterparts
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• Beyond first light: Global monitoring for high-energy neutrino astronomy
• Time-integrated constraint on neutrino flux of CHIME fast radio burst sources with 10-year IceCube point-source data
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• Very-high-energy observations of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 with MAGIC -- Indication of another gamma-ray obscured candidate neutrino source
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• Optimizing the hunt for extraterrestrial high-energy neutrino counterparts
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