Studying magnetic fields and dust in M17 using polarized thermal dust emission observed by SOFIA/HAWC+

Abstract

We report the highest spatial resolution measurement of magnetic fields in M17 using thermal dust polarization taken by SOFIA/HAWC+ centered at 154 $\mu$m wavelength. Using the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, we found the presence of strong magnetic fields of $980\pm 230\mu$G and $1665\pm 885\mu$G in lower-density (M17-N) and higher-density (M17-S) regions, respectively. The magnetic field morphology in M17-N possibly mimics the fields in gravitational collapse molecular cores while in M17-S the fields run perpendicular to the matter structure and display a pillar and an asymmetric hourglass shape. The mean values of the magnetic field strength are used to determine the Alfvénic Mach numbers (${\mathcal{M}}_{\mathcal{A}}$) of M17-N and M17-S which turn out to be sub-Alfvénic, or magnetic fields dominate turbulence. We calculate the mass-to-flux ratio, $\lambda$, and obtain $\lambda =0.07$ for M17-N and $0.28$ for M17-S. The sub-critical values of $\lambda$ are in agreement with the lack of massive stars formed in M17. To study dust physics, we analyze the relationship between the dust polarization fraction, $p$, and the thermal emission intensity, $I$, gas column density, $N({\mathrm{H}}_2)$, and dust temperature, $T_{\mathrm{d}}$. The polarization fraction decreases with intensity as $I^{-\alpha }$ with $\alpha =0.51$. The polarization fraction also decreases with increasing $N({\mathrm{H}}_2)$, which can be explained by the decrease of grain alignment by radiative torques (RATs) toward denser regions with a weaker radiation field and/or tangling of magnetic fields. The polarization fraction tends to increase with $T_{\mathrm{d}}$ first and then decreases when $T_{\mathrm{d}}>50$ K. The latter feature seen in the M17-N, where the gas density changes slowly with $T_d$, is consistent with the RAT disruption effect.

Submitted to Apj

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• Mapping the Galactic Magnetic Field Orientation and Strength in Three Dimensions
• Characterizing three-dimensional magnetic field, turbulence, and self-gravity in the star-forming region L1688
• The kinetic and magnetic energy budget of hub-filament systems during the gravitational fragmentation of molecular clouds
• Alignment and Rotational Disruption of Dust Grains in the Galactic Centre Revealed by Polarized Dust Emission
• Magnetic fields and young stellar objects in cometary cloud LDN 1616
• SOFIA Polarization Spectrum of Three Star-Forming Clouds