Mock HUBS observations of hot gas with IllustrisTNG

Abstract

The lack of adequate X-ray observing capability is seriously impeding the progress in understanding the hot phase of circumgalactic medium (CGM), which is predicted to extend to the virial radius of a galaxy or beyond, and thus in acquiring key boundary conditions for studying galaxy evolution. To this end, the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (\textit{HUBS}) is proposed. \textit{HUBS} is designed to probe hot CGM by detecting its emission or absorption lines with a non-dispersive X-ray spectrometer of high resolution and high throughput. The spectrometer consists of a $60\times 60$ array of microcalorimeters, with each detector providing an energy resolution of $2\mathrm{eV}$, and is placed in the focal plane of an X-ray telescope of $1^{\circ }$ field-of-view. With such a design, the spectrometer is also expected to enable studies of intra-group medium (IGrM) and the outer region of intra-cluster medium (ICM). To assess the scientific potential of \textit{HUBS}, we created mock observations of galaxies, groups, and clusters at different redshifts with the \tng simulation. Focusing exclusively on emission studies in this work, we took into account the effects of light cone, Galactic foreground emission, and background AGN contribution in the mock observations. From the observations, we made mock X-ray images and spectra, analyzed them to derive the properties of the emitting gas in each case, and compared the results with the input parameters from the simulation. The results show that \textit{HUBS} is well suited for studying hot CGM at low redshifts. The redshift range is significantly extended for measuring IGrM and ICM.

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Cited by in corpus (8)

• The hot circumgalactic medium in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey III. Star-forming and quiescent galaxies
• Scientific Objectives of the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) Mission
• Observational Properties of Thermal Emission from Relativistic Jets Embedded in AGN Disks
• The warm-hot intergalactic medium in inter-cluster filaments -- A forecast for HUBS observations based on eRASS1 superclusters
• Emission and Absorption Lines in Photospheric Radius Expansion Bursts of 4U 1820$-$30
• On the baryon budget in the X-ray-emitting circumgalactic medium of Milky Way-mass galaxies
• Mock X-ray observations of hot gas with L-Galaxies semi-analytic models of galaxy formation
• Soft X-ray line emission from hot gas in intervening galaxy halos and diffuse gas in the cosmic web