Multicomponent, multiwavelength benchmarks for source- and filament-extraction methods

Abstract

Modern multiwavelength observations of star-forming regions that reveal highly structured molecular clouds require adequate extraction methods that provide both detection of the structures and their accurate measurements. The omnipresence of filamentary structures and their physical connection to prestellar cores demand methods that are able to disentangle and extract both sources and filaments. It is fundamentally important to test all extraction methods to compare their detection and measurement qualities and fully understand their capabilities before their scientific applications. A recent publication described getsf, the new method for source and filament extraction that employs the separation of the structural components, a successor to getsources, getfilaments, and getimages (collectively referred to as getold). This new paper describes a detailed benchmarking of both getsf and getold using two multicomponent, multiwavelength benchmarks resembling the Herschel observations of the nearby star-forming regions. Each benchmark consists of simulated images at six Herschel wavelengths and one additional surface density image with a 13 arcsec resolution. The structural components of the benchmarks include a background cloud, a dense filament, hundreds of starless and protostellar cores, and instrumental noise. Five variants of benchmark images of different complexity are used to perform the source and filament extractions with getsf and getold. A formalism for evaluating source detection and measurement qualities is presented, allowing quantitative comparisons of extraction methods in terms of their completeness, reliability, and goodness, as well as the detection and measurement accuracies and the overall quality. A detailed analysis shows that getsf has better qualities than getold and that the best choice for source detection is the high-resolution surface density.

arXiv comment26 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables, accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics, final language-edited version

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• ALMA-IMF XV: The core mass function in the high-mass star-formation regime
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: The Dust Filament Network of NGC 628 and its Relation to Star Formation Activity
• ALMA-IMF X -- The core population in the evolved W33-Main (G012.80) protocluster
• Properties of the dense cores and filamentary structures in the Vela C molecular cloud
• Will ALMA Reveal the True Core Mass Function of Protoclusters?
• Probing the filamentary nature of star formation in the California giant molecular cloud
• $Herschel$ investigation of cores and filamentary structures in the Perseus molecular cloud
• Inaccuracies and biases of the Gaussian size deconvolution for extracted sources and filaments
• Molecular cloud matching in CO and dust in M33 II. Physical properties of giant molecular clouds
• Scale-dependent surface and volume density properties of filaments in molecular clouds
• A complete survey of filaments in Cygnus X
• Magnetic field alignment with dense cores in the transition between cloud and core scales