An Empirical Determination of the Dependence of the Circumgalactic Mass Cooling Rate and Feedback Mass Loading Factor on Galactic Stellar Mass

Abstract

Using our measurements of the H$\alpha$ emission line flux originating in the cool (T $\sim 10^4$ K) gas that populates the halos of galaxies, we build a joint model to describe mass of the cool circumgalactic medium (CGM) as a function of galactic stellar mass ($10^{9.5}<({{\mathrm{M}}_{\ast }/M}_{\odot })<10^{11}$) and environment. Because the H$\alpha$ emission correlates with the main cooling channel for this gas, we are able to estimate the rate at which the CGM cools and becomes fuel for star formation in the central galaxy. We describe this calculation, which uses our observations, previous measurements of some critical CGM properties, and modeling of the cooling mechanism using the \cloudy modeling suite. We find that the mass cooling rate is larger than the star formation rates of the central galaxies by a factor of $\sim 4-90$, empirically confirming that there is sufficient fuel to resolve the gas consumption problem and that feedback is needed to avoid collecting too much cold gas in galaxies. We find excellent agreement between our estimates of both the mass cooling rates and mass loading factors and the predictions of independent theoretical studies. The convergence in results that we find from several completely different treatments of the problem, particularly at the lower end of the galactic mass range, is a strong indication that we have a relatively robust understanding of the quantitative effects of feedback across this mass range.

arXiv commentSubmit for publication. 15 pages, 10 figures

References in corpus (99)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering
• The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• The physical properties of star forming galaxies in the low redshift universe
• The Eleventh and Twelfth Data Releases of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Final Data from SDSS-III
• Stellar Masses and Star Formation Histories for 10^5 Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Planck 2018 results. I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck
• The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies
• The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations
• Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): Stellar Feedback Explains Cosmologically Inefficient Star Formation
• The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal Halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
• The Sixteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
• The Dependence of Star Formation History and Internal Structure on Stellar Mass for 10^5 Low-Redshift Galaxies
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• The ages and metallicities of galaxies in the local universe
• FIRE-2 Simulations: Physics versus Numerics in Galaxy Formation
• The Circumgalactic Medium
• The Structure and Kinematics of the Circum-Galactic Medium from Far-UV Spectra of z~2-3 Galaxies
• Galaxy Groups in the SDSS DR4: I. The Catalogue and Basic Properties
• Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project II: Samples and X-ray Data Reduction
• Gusty, gaseous flows of FIRE: galactic winds in cosmological simulations with explicit stellar feedback
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• A Catalog of Bulge+Disk Decompositions and Updated Photometry for 1.12 Million Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The Role of Pressure in GMC Formation II: The H_2 - Pressure Relation
• Gravitationally Consistent Halo Catalogs and Merger Trees for Precision Cosmology
• Milky Way Cepheid Standards for Measuring Cosmic Distances and Application to Gaia DR2: Implications for the Hubble Constant
• Galaxy evolution in groups and clusters: satellite star formation histories and quenching timescales in a hierarchical Universe
• The COS-Halos Survey: Physical Conditions and Baryonic Mass in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• COLD GASS, an IRAM Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Galaxies: II. The non-universality of the Molecular Gas Depletion Timescale
• A cosmic web filament revealed in Lyman-alpha emission around a luminous high-redshift quasar
• The COS-Halos Survey: An Empirical Description of the Metal-Line Absorption in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• The radial and azimuthal profiles of Mg II absorption around 0.5 < z < 0.9 zCOSMOS galaxies of different colors, masses and environments
• Galaxy Cluster Baryon Fractions Revisited
• The splashback radius as a physical halo boundary and the growth of halo mass
• An Empirical Characterization of Extended Cool Gas Around Galaxies Using MgII Absorption Features
• The growth and entrainment of cold gas in a hot wind
• The COS-Halos Survey: Metallicities in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE). I. Resolving Simulated Circumgalactic Absorption at 2 < z < 2.5
• A new radiative cooling curve based on an up to date plasma emission code
• How stellar feedback simultaneously regulates star formation and drives outflows
• Cosmological simulations of the circumgalactic medium with 1 kpc resolution: enhanced HI column densities
• The Impact of Enhanced Halo Resolution on the Simulated Circumgalactic Medium
• The COS-Halos Survey: Origins of the Highly Ionized Circumgalactic Medium of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Resolving small-scale cold circumgalactic gas in TNG50
• Galaxy assembly, stellar feedback and metal enrichment: the view from the GAEA model
• The JHU-SDSS metal absorption line catalog: redshift evolution and properties of Mg II absorbers
• Characterizing Circumgalactic Gas around Massive Ellipticals at z~0.4 - II. Physical Properties and Elemental Abundances
• On the possible environmental effect in distributing heavy elements beyond individual gaseous halos
• Characterizing mass, momentum, energy and metal outflow rates of multi-phase galactic winds in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations
• Discovery of an Enormous Ly$\alpha$ nebula in a massive galaxy overdensity at $z=2.3$
• Predicting Single-Temperature Fit to Multi-Component Thermal Plasma Spectra
• The Gas Content and Stripping of Local Group Dwarf Galaxies
• Galactic outflow rates in the EAGLE simulations
• Mergers and Mass Accretion for Infalling Halos Both End Well Outside Cluster Virial Radii
• Connection Between the Circumgalactic Medium and the Interstellar Medium of Galaxies: Results from the COS-GASS Survey
• The circumgalactic medium of eBOSS emission line galaxies: signatures of galactic outflows in gas distribution and kinematics
• Evolution of the Cool Gas in the Circumgalactic Medium (CGM) of Massive Halos -- A Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) Survey of Ly$\alpha$ Emission around QSOs at $z\approx 2$
• Probing star formation across cosmic time with absorption line systems
• Cooling flow solutions for the circumgalactic medium
• Flickering AGN can explain the strong circumgalactic O VI observed by COS-Halos
• Elemental Abundances in Milky Way-like Galaxies from a Hierarchical Galaxy Formation Model
• H${}_2$-based star formation laws in hierarchical models of galaxy formation
• The extent of chemically enriched gas around star-forming dwarf galaxies
• On the OVI Abundance in the Circumgalactic Medium of Low-Redshift Galaxies
• Implications of the large OVI columns around low-redshift $L_{\ast }$ galaxies
• ELUCID IV: Galaxy Quenching and its Relation to Halo Mass, Environment, and Assembly Bias
• The influence of environment on satellite galaxies in the GAEA semi-analytic model
• Large-scale clustering of Lyman-alpha emission intensity from SDSS/BOSS
• Probing the IGM-galaxy connection at z<0.5 II. New insights into the galaxy environments of OVI absorbers in PKS 0405-123
• The Rise of Active Galactic Nuclei in the GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly semi-analytic model
• On the model of the circumgalactic mist: the implications of cloud sizes in galactic winds and halos
• Calcium H & K Induced by Galaxy Halos
• Does circumgalactic OVI trace low-pressure gas beyond the accretion shock? Clues from HI and low-ion absorption, line kinematics, and dust extinction
• Spatially Resolved Gas Kinematics within a Ly$\alpha$ Nebula: Evidence for Large-scale Rotation
• Non-equilibrium cooling rate for a collisionally cooled metal-enriched gas
• O VI Emission Imaging of a Galaxy with the Hubble Space Telescope: a Warm Gas Halo Surrounding the Intense Starburst SDSS J115630.63+500822.1
• A Giant Intragroup Nebula Hosting a Damped Lya Absorber at z=0.313
• Circumgalactic Oxygen Absorption and Feedback
• On the Formation of Molecular Clumps in QSO Outflows
• Structural and Dynamical Properties of Galaxies in a Hierarchical Universe: Sizes and Specific Angular Momenta
• Detection of missing baryons in galaxy groups with kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
• Circumgalactic Pressure Profiles Indicate Precipitation-Limited Atmospheres for $M_{\ast }\sim 10^9$$-$$10^{11.5}{M}_{\odot }$
• Hydrogen Emission from the Ionized Gaseous Halos of Low Redshift Galaxies
• Giant H$\alpha$ nebula surrounding the starburst merger NGC 6240
• Strong stellar-driven outflows shape the evolution of galaxies at cosmic dawn
• Radiative cooling in collisionally and photo ionized plasmas
• Discovery of a transparent sightline at ρ < 20 kpc from an interacting pair of galaxies
• Emission from the Ionized Gaseous Halos of Low Redshift Galaxies and Their Neighbors
• A dynamics-free lower bound on the mass of our galaxy
• Average [O II] nebular emission associated with Mg II absorbers: Dependence on Fe II absorption
• The Origin of the Hot Gas in the Galactic Halo: Testing Galactic Fountain Models' X-ray Emission
• Emission line ratios for the Circumgalactic Medium and the "Bimodal" Nature of Galaxies
• On The Effect of Environment on Line Emission from the Circumgalactic Medium
• On the influence of environment on star forming galaxies
• Observing the Effects of Galaxy Interactions on the Circumgalactic Medium
• Chandra survey of nearby highly inclined disk galaxies -- V: emission structure and origin of galactic coronae

Cited by in corpus (4)

• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• Cooling flows around cold clouds in the circumgalactic medium: steady-state models & comparison with TNG50
• The Anisotropic Circumgalactic Medium of Massive Early-Type Galaxies
• Constraining galactic baryon cycle using the galaxy stellar-to-halo mass relations