Spectroscopic signatures of time-reversal symmetry breaking superconductivity

Abstract

The collective mode spectrum of a symmetry-breaking state, such as a superconductor, provides crucial insight into the nature of the order parameter. In this context, we present a microscopic weak-coupling theory for the collective modes of a generic multi-component time-reversal symmetry breaking superconductor, and show that fluctuations in the relative amplitude and phase of the two order parameter components are well-defined underdamped collective modes, even in the presence of nodal quasiparticles. We then demonstrate that these "generalized clapping modes" can be detected using a number of experimental techniques including ac electronic compressibility measurements, electron energy loss spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, and ultrafast THz spectroscopy. Finally, we discuss the implications of our work as a new form of "collective mode spectroscopy" that drastically expands the number of experimental probes capable of detecting time-reversal symmetry breaking in unconventional superconductors such as Sr${}_{\text{2}}$RuO${}_{\text{4}}$, UTe${}_{\text{2}}$, and moiré heterostructures.

17 pages, 8 figures

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• Sensing Out-of-Equilibrium and Quantum Non-Gaussian environments via induced Time-Reversal Symmetry Breaking on the quantum-probe dynamics
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• Incoherent tunneling and topological superconductivity in twisted cuprate bilayers
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