Cosmic distributions of stellar tidal disruptions by massive black holes at galactic centers

Abstract

Stars can be consumed (either tidally disrupted or swallowed whole) by massive black holes (MBHs) at galactic centers when they move into the vicinity of the MBHs. In this study, we investigate the rates of stellar consumption by central MBHs and their cosmic distributions, including the effects of triaxial galaxy shapes in enhancing the reservoir of low-angular-momentum stars and incorporating realistic galaxy distributions. We find that the enhancement in the stellar consumption rates due to triaxial galaxy shapes can be significant, by a factor of ~3 for MBH mass $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\sim 10^5$-$10^6$Msun and up to more than one order of magnitude for $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\gtrsim 10^8$Msun. Only for $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\lesssim 10^7$Msun are the stellar consumption rates significantly higher in galaxies with steeper inner surface brightness profiles. The average (per galaxy) stellar consumption rates correlate with central MBH masses positively for $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\gtrsim 10^7$Msun and negatively for $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\lesssim 10^7$Msun. The volumetric stellar tidal disruption rates are ~$3\times 10^{-5}$/yr/Mpc${}^3$ for MBHs in the mass range of $10^5$-$10^8$Msun at z=0; and the volumetric stellar consumption rates by MBHs with higher masses are ~$10^{-6}$/yr/Mpc${}^3$, which can be the stellar tidal disruption rate if the high-mass BHs are extremely spinning Kerr BHs or the rate of being swallowed if those BHs are Schwarzschild ones. The volumetric stellar consumption rates decrease with increasing redshift, and the decrease is relatively mild for $M_{\mathrm{BH}}\sim 10^5$-$10^7$Msun and stronger for higher $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$. Most of the stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) at z=0 occur in galaxies with mass $M_{\mathrm{gal}}\lesssim 10^{11}$Msun, and about 1%-2% of the TDEs can occur in high-mass galaxies with $M_{\mathrm{gal}}\gtrsim 10^{11}$Msun.

arXiv comment20 pages, 9 figures

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• Observable gravitational waves from tidal disruption events and their electromagnetic counterpart
• The correlations of stellar tidal disruption rates with properties of massive black holes and their host galaxies