Coupling a mobile hole to an antiferromagnetic spin background: Transient dynamics of a magnetic polaron

Abstract

Understanding the interplay between charge and spin and its effects on transport is a ubiquitous challenge in quantum many-body systems. In the Fermi-Hubbard model, this interplay is thought to give rise to magnetic polarons, whose dynamics may explain emergent properties of quantum materials such as high-temperature superconductivity. In this work, we use a cold-atom quantum simulator to directly observe the formation dynamics and subsequent spreading of individual magnetic polarons. Measuring the density- and spin-resolved evolution of a single hole in a 2D Hubbard insulator with short-range antiferromagnetic correlations reveals fast initial delocalization and a dressing of the spin background, indicating polaron formation. At long times, we find that dynamics are slowed down by the spin exchange time, and they are compatible with a polaronic model with strong density and spin coupling. Our work enables the study of out-of-equilibrium emergent phenomena in the Fermi-Hubbard model, one dopant at a time.

7+11 pages, 5+8 figures

References in corpus (4)

• Single-Spin Addressing in an Atomic Mott Insulator
• Strongly Correlated Quantum Walks in Optical Lattices
• String excitations of a hole in a quantum antiferromagnet and photoelectron spectrospopy
• Microscopic spinon-chargon theory of magnetic polarons in the t-J model

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• Visualizing spinon Fermi surfaces with time-dependent spectroscopy
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