A Solar Magnetic-fan Flaring Arch Heated by Non-thermal Particles and Hot Plasma from an X-ray Jet Eruption

Abstract

We have investigated an M1.3 limb flare, which develops as a magnetic loop/arch that fans out from an X-ray jet. Using Hinode/EIS, we found that the temperature increases with height to a value of over 10${}^7$ K at the loop-top during the flare. The measured Doppler velocity (redshifts of 100$-$500 km s${}^{-1}$) and the non-thermal velocity ($\ge$100 km s${}^{-1}$) from Fe XXIV also increase with loop height. The electron density increases from $0.3\times 10^9$ cm${}^{-3}$ early in the flare rise to $1.3\times 10^9$ cm${}^{-3}$ after the flare peak. The 3-D structure of the loop derived with STEREO/EUVI indicates that the strong redshift in the loop-top region is due to upflowing plasma originating from the jet. Both hard X-ray and soft X-ray emission from RHESSI were only seen as footpoint brightenings during the impulsive phase of the flare, then, soft X-ray emission moves to the loop-top in the decay phase. Based on the temperature and density measurements and theoretical cooling models, the temperature evolution of the flare arch is consistent with impulsive heating during the jet eruption followed by conductive cooling via evaporation and minor prolonged heating in the top of the fan loop. Investigating the magnetic field topology and squashing factor map from SDO/HMI, we conclude that the observed magnetic-fan flaring arch is mostly heated from low atmospheric reconnection accompanying the jet ejection, instead of from reconnection above the arch as expected in the standard flare model.

arXiv comment55 pages, 21 Figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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