Qiskit Pulse: Programming Quantum Computers Through the Cloud with Pulses

Abstract

The quantum circuit model is an abstraction that hides the underlying physical implementation of gates and measurements on a quantum computer. For precise control of real quantum hardware, the ability to execute pulse and readout-level instructions is required. To that end, we introduce Qiskit Pulse, a pulse-level programming paradigm implemented as a module within Qiskit-Terra \cite{Qiskit}. To demonstrate the capabilities of Qiskit Pulse, we calibrate both un-echoed and echoed variants of the cross-resonance entangling gate with a pair of qubits on an IBM Quantum system accessible through the cloud. We perform Hamiltonian characterization of both single and two-pulse variants of the cross-resonance entangling gate with varying amplitudes on a cloud-based IBM Quantum system. We then transform these calibrated sequences into a high-fidelity CNOT gate by applying pre and post local-rotations to the qubits, achieving average gate fidelities of $F=0.981$ and $F=0.979$ for the un-echoed and echoed respectively. This is comparable to the standard backend CNOT fidelity of $F_{CX}=0.984$. Furthermore, to illustrate how users can access their results at different levels of the readout chain, we build a custom discriminator to investigate qubit readout correlations. Qiskit Pulse allows users to explore advanced control schemes such as optimal control theory, dynamical decoupling, and error mitigation that are not available within the circuit model.

References in corpus (24)

• Charge insensitive qubit design derived from the Cooper pair box
• Hardware-efficient Variational Quantum Eigensolver for Small Molecules and Quantum Magnets
• A Quantum Engineer's Guide to Superconducting Qubits
• Error mitigation for short-depth quantum circuits
• Extending the computational reach of a noisy superconducting quantum processor
• Training Schrödinger's cat: quantum optimal control
• Robust randomized benchmarking of quantum processes
• Efficient Z-Gates for Quantum Computing
• Procedure for systematically tuning up crosstalk in the cross resonance gate
• A simple all-microwave entangling gate for fixed-frequency superconducting qubits
• Fast Scalable State Measurement with Superconducting Qubits
• Quantum Process Tomography: Resource Analysis of Different Strategies
• A geometric theory of non-local two-qubit operations
• Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit systems
• Rapid high-fidelity multiplexed readout of superconducting qubits
• Effective Hamiltonian models of the cross-resonance gate
• Fault-tolerant bosonic quantum error correction with the surface-GKP code
• Machine learning for discriminating quantum measurement trajectories and improving readout
• Gate-efficient simulation of molecular eigenstates on a quantum computer
• Characterization of a two-transmon processor with individual single-shot qubit readout
• Optimized Compilation of Aggregated Instructions for Realistic Quantum Computers
• An Experimental Microarchitecture for a Superconducting Quantum Processor
• Hardware for Dynamic Quantum Computing
• Gate-error analysis in simulations of quantum computers with transmon qubits

Cited by in corpus (76)

• Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) algorithms
• Warm-starting quantum optimization
• Standard Model Physics and the Digital Quantum Revolution: Thoughts about the Interface
• Mitiq: A software package for error mitigation on noisy quantum computers
• Experimental Deep Reinforcement Learning for Error-Robust Gateset Design on a Superconducting Quantum Computer
• Experimental high-dimensional Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement with superconducting transmon qutrits
• Scaling of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm on superconducting qubit based hardware
• Pulse-efficient circuit transpilation for quantum applications on cross-resonance-based hardware
• Integrated tool-set for Control, Calibration and Characterization of quantum devices applied to superconducting qubits
• Pulser: An open-source package for the design of pulse sequences in programmable neutral-atom arrays
• Quantum Volume in Practice: What Users Can Expect from NISQ Devices
• Simulating the dynamics of braiding of Majorana zero modes using an IBM quantum computer
• Pulse-level noisy quantum circuits with QuTiP
• Quantum simulation of dissipative collective effects on noisy quantum computers
• Effects of Dynamical Decoupling and Pulse-level Optimizations on IBM Quantum Computers
• Error-Mitigated Simulation of Quantum Many-Body Scars on Quantum Computers with Pulse-Level Control
• Large-scale quantum approximate optimization on non-planar graphs with machine learning noise mitigation
• Ancilla-free implementation of generalized measurements for qubits embedded in a qudit space
• Topological two-dimensional Floquet lattice on a single superconducting qubit
• Teaching quantum computing with an interactive textbook
• State Preparation on Quantum Computers via Quantum Steering
• Qutrit quantum battery: comparing different charging protocols
• Pulse variational quantum eigensolver on cross-resonance based hardware
• Well-conditioned multi-product formulas for hardware-friendly Hamiltonian simulation
• Quantum advantage for computations with limited space
• Minimum quantum run-time characterization and calibration via restless measurements with dynamic repetition rates
• Characterizing crosstalk of superconducting transmon processors
• High-fidelity quantum control by polychromatic pulse trains
• Qubernetes: Towards a Unified Cloud-Native Execution Platform for Hybrid Classic-Quantum Computing
• Experimental implementation of non-Clifford interleaved randomized benchmarking with a controlled-S gate
• A novel approach to noisy gates for simulating quantum computers
• Cross cross resonance gate
• Open Hardware Solutions in Quantum Technology
• Evaluation of Parameterized Quantum Circuits with Cross-Resonance Pulse-Driven Entanglers
• PANSATZ: Pulse-based Ansatz for Variational Quantum Algorithms
• Adaptive quantum error mitigation using pulse-based inverse evolutions
• Experimental error suppression in Cross-Resonance gates via multi-derivative pulse shaping
• Squeezing and quantum approximate optimization
• A SAT approach to the initial mapping problem in SWAP gate insertion for commuting gates
• QDoor: Exploiting Approximate Synthesis for Backdoor Attacks in Quantum Neural Networks
• Pulse-engineered Controlled-V gate and its applications on superconducting quantum device
• Qibolab: an open-source hybrid quantum operating system
• Analytically Solvable Model for Qubit-Mediated Energy Transfer between Quantum Batteries
• Noise Dynamics of Quantum Annealers: Estimating the Effective Noise Using Idle Qubits
• SimuQ: A Framework for Programming Quantum Hamiltonian Simulation with Analog Compilation
• Active Learning of Quantum System Hamiltonians yields Query Advantage
• Discriminating Quantum States with Quantum Machine Learning
• Experimental Bayesian estimation of quantum state preparation, measurement, and gate errors in multi-qubit devices
• Optimal realization of Yang-Baxter gate on quantum computers
• Simulating long-range hopping with periodically-driven superconducting qubits
• Entanglement-Based Artificial Topology: Neighboring Remote Network Nodes
• Dynamical uncertainty propagation with noisy quantum parameters
• Quantum Telecloning on NISQ Computers
• Reducing the Compilation Time of Quantum Circuits Using Pre-Compilation on the Gate Level
• Machine learning of quantum channels on NISQ devices
• Software Architecture Challenges in Integrating Hybrid Classical-Quantum Systems
• Hardware-Efficient Preparation of Graph States on Near-Term Quantum Computers
• Space-time correlations in monitored kinetically constrained discrete-time quantum dynamics
• Local predictability and coherence versus distributed entanglement in entanglement swapping from partially entangled pure states
• Quantum Algorithm Cards: Streamlining the development of hybrid classical-quantum applications
• Modelling quantum photonics on a quantum computer
• Characteristics, Implementation and Applications of Special Perfect Entangler Circuits
• Exposing the hidden layers and interplay in the quantum software stack
• Qubit Readout Error Mitigation with Bit-flip Averaging
• Violation of no-signaling on a public quantum computer
• Sparse Non-Markovian Noise Modeling of Transmon-Based Multi-Qubit Operations
• Software tool-set for automated quantum system identification and device bring up
• Parameterized process characterization with reduced resource requirements
• Testing time order and Leggett-Garg inequalities with noninvasive measurements on public quantum computers
• Geometric and holonomic quantum computation
• Towards a pulse-level intermediate representation for diverse quantum control systems
• Programming tools for Analogue Quantum Computing in the High-Performance Computing Context -- A Review
• Iterative Linear Quadratic Regulator for Quantum Optimal Control
• Universal Dephasing Noise Injection via Schrodinger Wave Autoregressive Moving Average Models
• EmuPlat: A Framework-Agnostic Platform for Quantum Hardware Emulation with Validated Transpiler-to-Pulse Pipeline
• IBM quantum platforms: a quantum battery perspective