The warm-hot, extended, massive circumgalactic medium of NGC 3221: an XMM-Newton discovery

Abstract

Using Suzaku data, we had found a $3.4\sigma$ evidence for the X-ray emitting warm-hot circumgalactic medium (CGM) in the L${}^{\star }$ galaxy NGC 3221. Here we present XMM-Newton data and outline an efficient, rigorous and well-defined method to extract the faint CGM signal. We confirm the CGM detection at $4\sigma$ significance within 30-200 kpc of the galaxy. We claim with $99.62\%$ confidence that the CGM is extended beyond $150$ kpc. The average temperature of the CGM is 2.0${}_{-0.3}^{+0.2}\times 10^6$ K, but it is not isothermal. We find suggestive evidence for a declining temperature gradient out to 125 kpc and for super-virial temperature within 100 kpc. While a super-virial temperature component has been detected in the Milky Way CGM, this is the first time a temperature gradient has been observed in the warm-hot CGM of any spiral galaxy. The emission measure profile is well-fit with either a $\beta -$ model or a constant density profile. Deeper data are required to constrain the temperature and density profiles. We also confirm the Suzaku result that the warm-hot CGM is one of the most massive baryon components of NGC 3221 and can account for the missing galactic baryons.

arXiv comment11 pages, 6 figures, published in ApJ

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