A Shining Death of Unequal Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

Abstract

In the $\Lambda$CDM scenario, small galaxies merge to produce larger entities. Since supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are found in galaxies of all sizes, SMBH binaries (SMBHBs) are generally expected to form during the amalgamation of galaxies. It is unclear what fraction of these binaries could eventually merge, but a general consensus is that initially the orbital decay is mediated by the surrounding gas and stars. In this Letter, we show that in active galactic nulcei (AGNs) the radiation field also causes the orbits of the accreting SMBHs to shrink. The corresponding mechanism, known as the "Poynting-Robertson drag" (PR drag), takes effect on a well-defined timescale $C{T}_{\mathrm{Sal}}$, where $T_{\mathrm{Sal}}$ is the Salpeter timescale of the AGN, presumably coincide with the primary SMBH, and $C=4{\xi }^{-1}{\epsilon }^{-1}{q}^{1/3}(1+q{)}^{2/3}(1-\epsilon )$ is a constant determined by the radiative efficiency $\epsilon$, the mass ratio $q$ of the two black holes, and a parameter $\xi$ characterizing the size of the circum-secondary accretion disk. We find that when $q\lesssim$a few$\times 10^{-5}$, the PR drag is more efficient in shrinking the binary than many other mechanisms, such as dynamical friction and type-I migration. Our finding points to a possible new channel for the coalescence of unequal SMBHBs and the clearing of intermediate-massive black holes in AGNs.

arXiv comment6 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

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• Timescales of the chaos onset in the general relativistic Poynting-Robertson effect