Fragmentation of star-forming filaments in the X-shape Nebula of the California molecular cloud

Abstract

Dense molecular filaments are central to the star formation process, but the detailed manner in which they fragment into prestellar cores is not yet well understood. Here, we investigate the fragmentation properties and dynamical state of several star-forming filaments in the X-shape Nebula region of the California MC, in an effort to shed some light on this issue. We used multi-wavelength far-infrared images from Herschel and the getsources and getfilaments extraction methods to identify dense cores and filaments and derive their basic properties. We also used a map of ${}^{13}\mathrm{CO}(2-1)$ emission from SMT 10m submillimeter telescope to constrain the dynamical state of the filaments. We identified 10 filaments, as well as 57 dense cores. Two star-forming filaments (# 8 and # 10) stand out in that they harbor quasi-periodic chains of dense cores with a typical projected core spacing of $\sim$0.15 pc. These two filaments have thermally supercritical line masses and are not static. Filament~8 exhibits a prominent transverse velocity gradient, suggesting that it is accreting gas from the parent cloud gas reservoir. In both cases, the observed (projected) core spacing is similar to the filament width and significantly shorter than the canonical separation of $\sim$4 times the filament width predicted by classical cylinder fragmentation theory. We suggest that continuous accretion of gas onto the two star-forming filaments, as well as geometrical bending of the filaments, may account for the observed core spacing. Our findings suggest that the characteristic fragmentation lengthscale of molecular filaments is quite sensitive to external perturbations from the parent cloud, such as gravitational accretion of ambient material.

14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

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• A wide-field CO survey towards the California Molecular Filament
• Magnetic Fields and Fragmentation of Filaments in the Hub of California-X
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• Comparison of Herschel and ArTéMiS observations of massive filaments
• Investigations of MWISP Filaments. I. Filament Identification and Analysis Algorithms, and Source Catalogue
• Scale-dependent surface and volume density properties of filaments in molecular clouds