Quantum state smoothing: Why the types of observed and unobserved measurements matter

Abstract

We investigate the estimation technique called quantum state smoothing introduced by Guevara and Wiseman [Phys.~Rev.~Lett.~{\bf 115}, 180407 (2015)], which offers a valid quantum state estimate for a partially monitored system, conditioned on the observed record both prior and posterior to an estimation time. Partial monitoring by an observer implies that there may exist records unobserved by that observer. It was shown that, given only the observed record, the observer can better estimate the underlying true quantum states, by inferring the unobserved record and using quantum state smoothing, rather than the usual quantum filtering approach. However, the improvement in estimation fidelity, originally examined for a resonantly driven qubit coupled to two vacuum baths, was also shown to vary depending on the types of detection used for the qubit's fluorescence. In this work, we analyse this variation in a systematic way for the first time. We first define smoothing power using an average purity recovery and a relative average purity recovery, of smoothing over filtering. Then, we explore the power for various combinations of fluorescence detection for both observed and unobserved channels. We next propose a method to explain the variation of the smoothing power, based on multi-time correlation strength between fluorescence detection records. The method gives a prediction of smoothing power for different combinations, which is remarkably successful in comparison with numerically simulated qubit trajectories.

arXiv comment24 pages, 5 figures

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• Completely Positive Quantum Trajectories with Applications to Quantum State Smoothing
• Quantum state smoothing as an optimal estimation problem with three different cost functions
• General criteria for quantum state smoothing with necessary and sufficient criteria for linear Gaussian quantum systems
• Entanglement of a pair of quantum emitters via continuous fluorescence measurements: a tutorial
• Linear Gaussian Quantum State Smoothing: Understanding the optimal unravelings for Alice to estimate Bob's state
• The Quantum Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoothed State
• Quantum state smoothing cannot be assumed classical even when the filtering and retrofiltering are classical
• A Retrodictive Approach to Quantum State Smoothing
• Quantum state-preparation control in noisy environment via most-likely paths
• Completely positive trace-preserving maps for higher-order unraveling of Lindblad master equations
• Quantum state smoothing when Alice assumes the wrong type of monitoring by Bob