On beryllium-10 production in gaseous protoplanetary disks and implications on the astrophysical setting of refractory inclusions

Abstract

Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions (CAIs), the oldest known solids of the solar system, show evidence for the past presence of short-lived radionuclide beryllium-10, which was likely produced by spallation during protosolar flares. While such ${}^{10}$Be production has hitherto been modeled at the inner edge of the protoplanetary disk, I calculate here that spallation at the disk surface may reproduce the measured ${}^{10}$Be/${}^9$Be ratios at larger heliocentric distances. Beryllium-10 production in the gas prior to CAI formation would dominate that in the solid. Interestingly, provided the Sun's proton to X-ray output ratio does not decrease strongly, ${}^{10}$Be/${}^9$Be at the CAI condensation front would increase with time, explaining the reduced values in a (presumably early) generation of CAIs with nucleosynthetic anomalies. CAIs thus need not have formed very close to the Sun and may have condensed at 0.1-1 AU where sufficiently high temperatures originally prevailed.

Accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics; 12 pages

References in corpus (5)

• X-ray Emission from T Tauri Stars and the Role of Accretion: Inferences from the XMM-Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• X-rays from T Tau: A test case for accreting T Tauri stars
• Mixing and transport of dust in the early solar nebula as inferred from titanium isotope variations among chondrules
• Turbulent diffusion in protoplanetary discs: the effect of an imposed magnetic field
• The onset of energetic particle irradiation in Class 0 protostars

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• Quantifying the high early solar cosmic ray flux with cosmogenic neon isotopes in refractory minerals
• Cosmic-Ray Bath in a Past Supernova Gives Birth to Earth-Like Planets
• Oxygen Isotope Exchange Between Molten Silicate Spherules and Ambient Water Vapor with Nonzero Relative Velocity: Implication for Chondrule Formation Environment
• Self-consistent Conditions for ${}^{26}$Al Injection into Protosolar Disk from a Nearby Supernova
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