Indium as a high cooling power nuclear refrigerant for quantum nanoelectronics

Abstract

The frontiers of quantum electronics have been linked to the discovery of new refrigeration methods since the discovery of superconductivity at a temperature around $4$K, enabled by the liquefaction of helium. Since then, the advances in cryogenics led to discoveries such as the quantum Hall effect and new technologies like superconducting and semiconductor quantum bits. Presently, nanoelectronic devices typically reach electron temperatures around $10$mK to $100$mK by commercially available dilution refrigerators. However, cooling electrons via the encompassing lattice vibrations, or phonons, becomes inefficient at low temperatures. Further progress towards lower temperatures requires new cooling methods for electrons on the nanoscale, such as direct cooling with nuclear spins, which themselves can be brought to microkelvin temperatures by adiabatic demagnetization. Here, we introduce indium as a nuclear refrigerant for nanoelectronics and demonstrate that solely on-chip cooling of electrons is possible down to $3.2\pm 0.1$mK, limited by the heat leak via the electrical connections of the device.

arXiv commentPublished version. Supplementary Information is available as ancillary file, raw data and calculations can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:aeb9bb4e-8729-4dd0-b76b-fdbafbdbec2c

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• Thermal transport in nanoelectronic devices cooled by on-chip magnetic refrigeration
• Coulomb blockade thermometry beyond the universal regime
• Superconducting aluminum heat switch with 3 n$\Omega$ equivalent resistance
• Progress on levitating a sphere in cryogenic fluids
• On-chip quantum confinement refrigeration overcoming electron-phonon heat leaks
• Coulomb Blockade Thermometry on a Wide Temperature Range
• Effectiveness of Some 0 dB Cryogenic Microwave Attenuators as Thermal Heatsinks
• Sub-10 mK "In-cell" Magnetic Refrigeration for Cryogen-free Cryostats