A re-classification of Cepheids in the Gaia Data Release 2

Abstract

Classical Cepheids are the most important primary indicators for the extragalactic distance scale. Establishing the precise zero points of their Period-Luminosity and Period-Wesenheit (PL/PW) relations has profound consequences on the estimate of ${\mathrm{H}}_0$. Type II Cepheids are also important distance indicator and tracers of old stellar populations. The recent Data Release 2 (DR2) of the {\it Gaia} Spacecraft includes photometry and parallaxes for thousands of classical and type II cepheids. We aim at reviewing the classification of {\it Gaia} DR2 Cepheids and to derive precise PL/PW for Magellanic Cloud (MCs) and Galactic Cepheids. Information from the literature and the {\it Gaia} astrometry and photometry are adopted to assign DR2 Galactic Cepheids to the classes: Classical, Anomalous and Type II Cepheids. We re-classify the DR2 Galactic Cepheids and derive new precise PL/PW relations in the {\it Gaia} passbands for the MCs and Milky Way Cepheids. We investigated for the first time the dependence on metallicity of the $PW$ relation for Classical Cepheids in the {\it Gaia} bands, finding non-conclusive results. According to our analysis, the zero point of the {\it Gaia} DR2 parallaxes as estimated from Classical and Type II Cepheids seems to be likely underestimated by $\sim$0.07 mas, in full agreement with recent literature. The next {\it Gaia} data releases are expected to fix this zero point offset to eventually allow a determination of ${\mathrm{H}}_0$ to less than 1\%.

Accepted on A\&A, 19 pages. New version after the refereeing process, including many improvements and new features. The electronic versions of Table 2, Table 5, Table 7 and Table 8 are available in the Ancillary Files repository

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