Resolution of Gauge Ambiguities in Ultrastrong-Coupling Cavity QED

Abstract

Gauge invariance is the cornerstone of modern quantum field theory. Recently, it has been shown that the quantum Rabi model, describing the dipolar coupling between a two-level atom and a quantized electromagnetic field, violates this principle. This widely used model describes a plethora of quantum systems and physical processes under different interaction regimes. In the ultrastrong coupling regime, it provides predictions which drastically depend on the chosen gauge. This failure is attributed to the finite-level truncation of the matter system. We show that a careful application of the gauge principle is able to restore gauge invariance even for extreme light-matter interaction regimes. The resulting quantum Rabi Hamiltonian in the Coulomb gauge differs significantly from the standard model and provides the same physical results obtained by using the dipole gauge. It contains field operators to all orders that cannot be neglected when the coupling strength is high. These results shed light on subtleties of gauge invariance in nonperturbative and extreme interaction regimes, which are now experimentally accessible, and solve all the long-lasting controversies arising from gauge ambiguities in the quantum Rabi and Dicke models.

8 pages, 3 figures

References in corpus (14)

• Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter
• Beyond the Jaynes-Cummings model: circuit QED in the ultrastrong coupling regime
• Ultrastrong coupling regimes of light-matter interaction
• Deep Strong Coupling Regime of the Jaynes-Cummings model
• Is there a no-go theorem for superradiant quantum phase transitions in cavity and circuit QED ?
• Breakdown of gauge invariance in ultrastrong-coupling cavity QED
• Two-photon quantum Rabi model with superconducting circuits
• Cavity quantum electrodynamics in the non-perturbative regime
• Inversion of Qubit Energy Levels in Qubit-Oscillator Circuits in the Deep-Strong-Coupling Regime
• Gauge ambiguities imply Jaynes-Cummings physics remains valid in ultrastrong coupling QED
• Scalable quantum memory in the ultrastrong coupling regime
• Resolution of superluminal signalling in non-perturbative cavity quantum electrodynamics
• Harvesting Multiqubit Entanglement from Ultrastrong Interactions in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics
• Carrier-wave Rabi flopping signatures in high-order harmonic generation for alkali atoms

Cited by in corpus (137)

• Quantum computational advantage using photons
• Open quantum systems with local and collective incoherent processes: Efficient numerical simulation using permutational invariance
• Molecular polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics under strong Light-Matter Coupling
• Cavity QED of Strongly Correlated Electron Systems: A No-go Theorem for Photon Condensation
• Electromagnetic coupling in tight-binding models for strongly correlated light and matter
• Ultrastrong coupling between nanoparticle plasmons and cavity photons at ambient conditions
• Theory of Photon Condensation in a Spatially-Varying Electromagnetic Field
• The Ferroelectric Photo-Groundstate of SrTiO${}_3$: Cavity Materials Engineering
• Quantum amplification and simulation of strong and ultrastrong coupling of light and matter
• Theoretical methods for ultrastrong light-matter interactions
• Macroscopic QED for quantum nanophotonics: Emitter-centered modes as a minimal basis for multi-emitter problems
• Resolution of Gauge Ambiguities in Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
• Polaritonic Coupled-Cluster Theory
• Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics at Arbitrary Light-Matter Coupling Strengths
• Molecular orbital theory in cavity QED environments
• Strong coupling with light enhances the photoisomerization quantum yield of azobenzene
• The Free Electron Gas in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
• Scalable quantum computer with superconducting circuits in the ultrastrong coupling regime
• Universal spectral features of ultrastrongly coupled systems
• Gauge Fixing for Strongly Correlated Electrons coupled to Quantum Light
• Implications of gauge freedom for nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics
• Gauge invariance of the Dicke and Hopfield models
• Quantum Coherent Control of a Single Molecular-Polariton Rotation
• Multi-band non-equilibrium GW+EDMFT formalism for correlated insulators
• Flattening the Curve with Einstein's Quantum Elevator: Hermitization of Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians via a Generalized Vielbein Formalism
• Thermodynamics of ultrastrongly coupled light-matter systems
• Gauge freedom, quantum measurements, and time-dependent interactions in cavity and circuit QED
• Strong coupling in chiral cavities: nonperturbative framework for enantiomer discrimination
• Artificial intelligence discovery of a charging protocol in a micromaser quantum battery
• Polariton relaxation under vibrational strong coupling: Comparing cavity molecular dynamics simulations against Fermi's golden rule rate
• Uniqueness of the Phase Transition in Many-Dipole Cavity Quantum Electrodynamical Systems
• Fast binomial-code holonomic quantum computation with ultrastrong light-matter coupling
• Gauge Principle and Gauge Invariance in Two-Level Systems
• Gauge Principle and Gauge Invariance in Quantum Two-Level Systems
• Gauge-Independent Emission Spectra and Quantum Correlations in the Ultrastrong Coupling Regime of Open System Cavity-QED
• Semiclassical Real-Time Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Dynamics for Molecular Polaritons: Unified Theory of Electronic and Vibrational Strong Couplings
• The Vacua of Dipolar Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
• Switchable Superradiant Phase Transition with Kerr Magnons
• A Lindblad master equation capable of describing hybrid quantum systems in the ultra-strong coupling regime
• Quantum Phase Transitions in Optomechanical Systems
• Dissipation-induced bistability in the two-photon Dicke model
• Disorder-enhanced transport in a chain of lossy dipoles strongly coupled to cavity photons
• Real-Space, Real-Time Approach to Quantum-Electrodynamical Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory
• On the characteristic features of ionization in QED environments
• Quasi-Diabatic Propagation Scheme for Simulating Polariton Chemistry
• Optical dressing of the electronic response of two-dimensional semiconductors in quantum and classical descriptions of cavity electrodynamics
• Ab initio few-mode theory for quantum potential scattering problems
• Effective theory for matter in non-perturbative cavity QED
• Charge-Transfer Chemical Reactions in Nanofluidic Fabry-P{é}rot Cavities
• Regimes of Cavity-QED under Incoherent Excitation: From Weak to Deep Strong Coupling
• Bound states in ultrastrong waveguide QED
• A non-perturbative no-go theorem for photon condensation in approximate models
• Distant emitters in ultrastrong waveguide QED: Ground-state properties and non-Markovian dynamics
• First-order photon condensation in magnetic cavities: A two-leg ladder model
• Detecting virtual photons in ultrastrongly coupled superconducting quantum circuits
• Gauge-invariant theory of truncated quantum light-matter interactions in arbitrary media
• Emergent parallel transport and curvature in Hermitian and non-Hermitian quantum mechanics
• Nonperturbative cavity quantum electrodynamics: is the Jaynes-Cummings model still relevant?
• Optimal gauge for the multimode Rabi model in circuit QED
• Collective excitations of the U(1)-symmetric exciton insulator in a cavity
• Hamiltonian of a flux qubit-LC oscillator circuit in the deep-strong-coupling regime
• Cavity magnonics with easy-axis ferromagnet: Critically enhanced magnon squeezing and light-matter interaction
• Pure Dephasing of Light-Matter Systems in the Ultrastrong and Deep-Strong Coupling Regimes
• TRK Sum Rule for Interacting Photons
• Perspective on real-space nanophotonic field manipulation using non-perturbative light-matter coupling
• Generalized Dicke model and gauge-invariant master equations for two atoms in ultrastrongly-coupled cavity quantum electrodynamics
• Cavity Induced Collective Behavior in the Polaritonic Ground State
• Stochastic Variational Approach to Small Atoms and Molecules Coupled to Quantum Field Modes
• Revealing higher-order light and matter energy exchanges using quantum trajectories in ultrastrong coupling
• Non-Gaussian superradiant transition via three-body ultrastrong coupling
• Ultrastrong time-dependent light-matter interactions are gauge-relative
• Reconciling quantum and classical spectral theories of ultrastrong coupling: Role of cavity bath coupling and gauge corrections
• Down-conversion processes in ab-initio non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics
• Kondo QED: The Kondo effect and photon trapping in a two-impurity Anderson model ultra-strongly coupled to light
• Coherent Resonant Coupling between Atoms and a Mechanical Oscillator Mediated by Cavity-Vacuum Fluctuations
• Quasiparticle tunneling and 1/f charge noise in ultrastrongly coupled superconducting qubit and resonator
• Relaxation breakdown and resonant tunneling in ultrastrong-coupling cavity QED
• Atoms in separated resonators can jointly absorb a single photon
• Transmission spectra of an ultrastrongly coupled qubit-dissipative resonator system
• Theory of fractional quantum Hall liquids coupled to quantum light and emergent graviton-polaritons
• Exact solution of polaritonic systems with arbitrary light and matter frequency-dependent losses
• Superradiant phase transitions in the quantum Rabi model: Overcoming the no-go theorem through anisotropy
• Avoiding gauge ambiguities in cavity QED
• Floquet engineering the quantum Rabi model in the ultrastrong coupling regime
• Transmission spectra of the driven, dissipative Rabi model in the USC regime
• Nonclassicality of open circuit QED systems in the deep-strong coupling regime
• Stoquasticity in circuit QED
• Boosting energy transfer between quantum devices through spectrum engineering in the dissipative ultrastrong coupling regime
• Metrics and properties of optimal gauges in multimode cavity QED
• Quantum theory of plasmon polaritons in chains of metallic nanoparticles: From near- to far-field coupling regime
• Linear response theory for cavity QED materials at arbitrary light-matter coupling strengths
• Description of ultrastrong light-matter interaction through coupled harmonic oscillator models and their connection with cavity-QED Hamiltonians
• Multiple polaritonic edge states in a Su-Schrieffer-Heeger chain strongly coupled to a multimode cavity
• Understanding polaritonic chemistry from ab initio quantum electrodynamics
• Matrix product states and numerical mode decomposition for the analysis of gauge-invariant cavity quantum electrodynamics
• Hidden excitonic quantum states with broken time-reversal symmetry
• Phase Transitions in the Anisotropic Dicke-Stark Model with $A$-square terms
• Resonant tunneling diodes in semiconductor microcavities: modeling polaritonic features in the THz displacement current
• Light-matter correlations in Quantum Floquet engineering of cavity quantum materials
• Nonmesonic Quantum Many-Body Scars in a 1D Lattice Gauge Theory
• Lee-Yang theory of the superradiant phase transition in the open Dicke model
• Quantum Phase Transitions in Many-Dipole Light-Matter Systems
• Radiation induced interaction potential of two qubits strongly coupled with a quantized electromagnetic field
• The gauge-relativity of quantum light, matter, and information
• Bound polariton states in the Dicke-Ising model
• Heisenberg and Heisenberg-Like Representations via Hilbert Space Bundle Geometry in the Non-Hermitian Regime
• Quantum Electrodynamics of graphene Landau levels in a deep-subwavelength hyperbolic phonon polariton cavity
• What is the spectral density of the reservoir for a lossy quantized cavity?
• Non-conjugate quantum subsystems
• Unitary death of Schrödinger's cat
• Confinement-Induced Enhancement of Superconductivity in a Spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ Fermion Chain Coupled to a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ Lattice Gauge Field
• Dynamical nonlinear optical response in time-periodic quantum systems
• Gauge non-invariance due to material truncation in ultrastrong-coupling QED
• Quantum Hierarchical Fokker-Planck Equations with U(1) Gauge Fields (U(1)-QHFPE): A Computational Framework for Aharonov-Bohm Effects
• Eigenstates of two-level systems in a single-mode quantum field: from quantum Rabi model to $N$-atom Dicke model
• Circuit QED Spectra in the Ultrastrong Coupling Regime: How They Differ from Cavity QED
• Optical conductivity and orbital magnetization of Floquet vortex states
• Effective Field Theories and Finite-temperature Properties of Zero-dimensional Superradiant Quantum Phase Transitions
• Many Electrons and the Photon Field -- The many-body structure of nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics
• Renormalisation group flow of the Jaynes-Cummings model
• Release of virtual photon and phonon pairs from qubit-plasmon-phonon ultrastrong coupling system
• From Few to Many Emitters Cavity QED: Energy Levels and Emission Spectra From Weak to Deep-Strong Coupling
• Open Quantum Dynamics Theory for Coulomb Potentials: Hierarchical Equations of Motion for Atomic Orbitals (AO-HEOM)
• Ultrastrong Coupling of a Qubit with a Nonlinear Optical Resonator
• Nonperturbative electromagnetic nonlinearities, n-photon reflectors, and Fock-state lasers based on deep-strong coupling of light and matter
• Phase Transitions in Light-Matter Systems for Quantum Sensing
• Optimal Dynamical Gauge in the Quantum Rabi Model
• Two-Polariton Blockade via Ultrastrong Light-Matter Coupling
• Stabilization of product states and excited-state quantum phase transitions in a coupled qubit-field system
• Is there a conflict between causality and diamagnetism?
• Spontaneous Scattering of Raman Photons from Cavity-QED Systems in the Ultrastrong Coupling Regime
• Duality, decay rates and local-field models in macroscopic QED
• Arbitrary gauge quantisation of light-matter theories with time-dependent constraints
• Controlling the nonadiabatic electron-transfer reaction rate through molecular-vibration polaritons in the ultrastrong coupling regime
• Heavy-quark mass relation from a standard-model boson operator representation in terms of fermions
• Fractional quantum Hall edge polaritons
• Position-Resolved Resonance Quantization for Lossy Cavities