Could a Hexagonal Sunspot Have Been Observed During the Maunder Minimum?

Abstract

The Maunder Minimum was the period between 1645 and 1715 whose main characteristic was abnormally low and prolonged solar activity. However, some authors have doubted this low level of solar activity during that period by questioning the accuracy and objectivity of the observers. This work presents a particular case of a sunspot observed during the Maunder Minimum with an unusual shape of its umbra and penumbra: a hexagon. This sunspot was observed by Cassini in November 1676, just at the core of the Maunder Minimum. This historical observation is compared with a twin case that occurred recently in May 2016. The conclusion reached is that Cassini's record is another example of the good quality observations made during the Maunder Minimum, showing the meticulousness of the astronomers of that epoch. This sunspot observation made by Cassini does not support the conclusions of Zolotova and Ponyavin (Astrophys. J. 800, 42, 2015) that professional astronomers in the 17th century only registered round sunspots. Finally, a discussion is given of the importance of this kind of unusual sunspot record for a better assessment of the true level of solar activity in the Maunder Minimum.

9 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in "Solar Physics"

References in corpus (4)

• A Revised Collection of Sunspot Group Numbers
• Level and length of cyclic solar activity during the Maunder minimum as deduced from the active day statistics
• Sunspot positions, areas, and group tilt angles for 1611-1631 from observations by Christoph Scheiner
• Sunspot Observations during the Maunder Minimum from the Correspondence of John Flamsteed

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Sunspot characteristics at the onset of the Maunder Minimum based on the observations of Hevelius
• The effect of telescope aperture, scattered light, and human vision on early measurements of sunspot and group numbers
• Sunspot Drawings by Japanese Official Astronomers in 1749-1750
• The Celestial Sign in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 770s: Insights on Contemporary Solar Activity