Observed Type II supernova colours from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I

Abstract

We present a study of observed Type II supernova (SN~II) colours using optical/near-infrared photometric data from the \textit{Carnegie Supernovae Project-I}. We analyse four colours ($B-V$, $u-g$, $g-r$, and $g-Y$) and find that SN~II colour curves can be described by two linear regimes during the photospheric phase. The first ($s_{1,\mathrm{colour}}$) is steeper and has a median duration of $\sim 40$ days. The second, shallower slope ($s_{2,\mathrm{colour}}$) lasts until the end of the "plateau" ($\sim 80$ days). The two slopes correlate in the sense that steeper initial colour curves also imply steeper colour curves at later phases. As suggested by recent studies, SNe~II form a continuous population of objects from the colour point of view as well. We investigate correlations between the observed colours and a range of photometric and spectroscopic parameters including the absolute magnitude, the $V$-band light-curve slopes, and metal-line strengths. We find that less luminous SNe~II appear redder, a trend that we argue is not driven by uncorrected host-galaxy reddening. While there is significant dispersion, we find evidence that redder SNe~II (mainly at early epochs) display stronger metal-line equivalent widths. Host-galaxy reddening does not appear to be a dominant parameter, neither driving observed trends nor dominating the dispersion in observed colours. Intrinsic SN~II colours are most probably dominated by photospheric temperature differences, with progenitor metallicity possibly playing a minor role. Such temperature differences could be related to differences in progenitor radius, together with the presence or absence of circumstellar material close to the progenitor stars.

arXiv comment27 pages, 94 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (82)

• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• The u'g'r'i'z' Standard Star Network
• Nearby Supernova Rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. II. The Observed Luminosity Functions and Fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample
• The Reddening-Free Decline Rate Versus Luminosity Relationship for Type Ia Supernovae
• The death of massive stars - I. Observational constraints on the progenitors of type II-P supernovae
• A Precise Distance Indicator: Type Ia Supernova Multicolor Light Curve Shapes
• The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and Te-based literature data
• The Absolute Luminosities of the Calan/Tololo Type Ia Supernovae
• Confined Dense Circumstellar Material Surrounding a Regular Type II Supernova: The Unique Flash-Spectroscopy Event of SN 2013fs
• Characterizing the V-band light-curves of hydrogen-rich type II supernovae
• The diversity of Type II supernova versus the similarity in their progenitors
• The Carnegie Supernova Project: First Photometry Data Release of Low-Redshift Type Ia Supernovae
• Type II Supernovae: Model Light Curves and Standard Candle Relationships
• The Carnegie Supernova Project: Analysis of the First Sample of Low-Redshift Type-Ia Supernovae
• The Distance to SN 1999em in NGC 1637 from the Expanding Photosphere Method
• Photometry and Spectroscopy of the Type IIP SN 1999em from Outburst to Dust Formation
• K-corrections and Extinction Corrections for Type Ia Supernovae
• The Carnegie Supernova Project: The Low-Redshift Survey
• The Carnegie Supernova Project: Second Photometry Data Release of Low-Redshift Type Ia Supernovae
• On the Source of the Dust Extinction in Type Ia Supernovae and the Discovery of Anomalously Strong Na I Absorption
• The Distance to SN 1999em from the Expanding Photosphere Method
• Low Luminosity Type II Supernovae: Spectroscopic and Photometric Evolution
• SN 2005cs in M51 II. Complete Evolution in the Optical and the Near-Infrared
• Type II Supernovae as Standardized Candles
• Flash Spectroscopy: Emission Lines from the Ionized Circumstellar Material around $<10$-Day-Old Type II Supernovae
• The Carnegie Supernova Project: Intrinsic Colors of Type Ia Supernovae
• Unifying Type II Supernova Light Curves with Dense Circumstellar Material
• Towards Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: a Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1
• Type II-Plateau supernova radiation: dependencies on progenitor and explosion properties
• Hydrodynamical models of Type II-Plateau Supernovae
• The Carnegie Supernova Project I: Third Photometry Data Release of Low-Redshift Type Ia Supernovae and Other White Dwarf Explosions
• The first month of evolution of the slow rising type II-P SN 2013ej in M74
• Distance determinations using type II supernovae and the expanding photosphere method
• Photometric and spectroscopic evolution of the type IIP supernova SN 2004et
• Underluminous Type II Plateau Supernovae: II. Pointing towards moderate mass precursors
• A Generalized $K$ correction for Type Ia Supernovae: Comparing R-band Photometry Beyond z=0.2 with B, V, and R-band Nearby Photometry
• Expanding Photospheres of Type II Supernovae and the Extragalactic Distance Scale
• Type Ia Supernova Light Curve Inference: Hierarchical Models in the Optical and Near Infrared
• A Study of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 1999gi, and the Distance to its Host Galaxy, NGC 3184
• Photometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Type II-P Supernovae
• Improved Standardization of Type II-P Supernovae: Application to an Expanded Sample
• Low R_v from circumstellar dust around supernovae
• The Standardized Candle Method for Type II Plateau Supernovae
• Optical and near infrared coverage of SN 2004et: physical parameters and comparison with other type IIP supernovae
• Towards a Cosmological Hubble Diagram for Type II-P Supernovae
• Type II supernova spectral diversity I: Observations, sample characterization and spectral line evolution
• Variety in Supernovae
• A Sample of Type II-L Supernovae
• An optimal hydrodynamic model for the normal Type IIP supernova 1999em
• The Cepheid Distance to NGC 1637: A Direct Test of the EPM Distance to SN 1999em
• On The Progenitor of the Type II-Plateau Supernova 2003gd in Messier 74
• LOSS Revisited - II: The relative rates of different types of supernovae vary between low- and high-mass galaxies
• Low-Resolution Sodium D Absorption is a Bad Proxy for Extinction
• UBVRIz Light Curves of 51 Type II Supernovae
• The Type Ia supernova 2004S, a clone of SN 2001el, and the optimal photometric bands for extinction estimation
• Quantitative spectroscopic analysis of and distance to SN1999em
• Supernova 2013by: A Type IIL Supernova with a IIP-like light curve drop
• The Type IIP SN 2007od in UGC 12846: from a bright maximum to dust formation in the nebular phase
• H-alpha Spectral diversity of type II supernovae
• Type II supernova energetics and comparison of light curves to shock-cooling models
• Photospheric Magnitude Diagrams for Type II Supernovae: A Promising Tool to Compute Distances
• Immediate dense circumstellar environment of supernova progenitors caused by wind acceleration: its effect on supernova light curves
• Type II-P Supernovae from the SDSS-II Supernova Survey and the Standardized Candle Method
• Asphericity, Interaction, and Dust in the Type II-P/II-L Supernova 2013ej in Messier 74
• Type II supernova spectral diversity II: Spectroscopic and photometric correlations
• SN 2002cv: A Heavily Obscured Type Ia Supernova
• Distance determination to 12 Type II-P Supernovae using the Expanding Photosphere Method
• Distance determination to 12 Type II Supernovae using the Expanding Photosphere Method
• A Parameter Study of Type II Supernova Light Curves Using 6 M_odot He Cores
• Extensive Spectroscopy and Photometry of the Type IIP Supernova 2013ej
• Type II-Plateau supernovae as metallicity probes of the Universe
• Type II supernovae as probes of environment metallicity: observations of host HII regions
• Numerical Modeling of the Early Light Curves of Type IIP Supernovae
• A Hubble diagram from Type II Supernovae based solely on photometry: the Photometric-Colour Method
• A study of the low-luminosity Type II-Plateau supernova 2008bk
• Type II-P Supernovae as Standard Candles: The SDSS-II Sample Revisited
• A Type II Supernova Hubble diagram from the CSP-I, SDSS-II, and SNLS surveys
• SN 2016jhj at redshift 0.34: extending the Type II supernova Hubble diagram using the standard candle method
• Molecular gas at supernova local environments unveiled by EDGE
• The Evolution of Temperature and Bolometric Luminosity in Type-II Supernovae
• The Carnegie Supernova Project I: methods to estimate host-galaxy reddening of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Applying the expanding photosphere and standardized candle methods to Type II-Plateau supernovae at cosmologically significant redshifts: the distance to SN 2013eq

Cited by in corpus (32)

• A meta analysis of core-collapse supernova ${}^{56}$Ni masses
• The Berkeley sample of Type II supernovae: BVRI light curves and spectroscopy of 55 SNe II
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. II. Physical parameter distributions from hydrodynamical modelling
• Extending Supernova Spectral Templates for Next-Generation Space Telescope Observations
• The early discovery of SN 2017ahn: signatures of persistent interaction in a fast declining Type II supernova
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. III. Understanding SN II diversity through correlations between physical and observed properties
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. I. Bolometric light curves of 74 SNe II using uBgVriYJH photometry
• Stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova ${}^{56}$Ni masses: Persistently larger values than supernovae type II
• Studying Type II supernovae as cosmological standard candles using the Dark Energy Survey
• Luminous Type II supernovae for their low expansion velocities
• Supernova 2018cuf: A Type IIP supernova with a slow fall from plateau
• Broad-emission-line dominated hydrogen-rich luminous supernovae
• The low-luminosity type II SN\,2016aqf: A well-monitored spectral evolution of the Ni/Fe abundance ratio
• ASASSN-14dq: A fast-declining type II-P Supernova in a low-luminosity host galaxy
• Type II-P Supernova Progenitor Star Initial Masses and SN 2020jfo: Direct Detection, Light Curve Properties, Nebular Spectroscopy, and Local Environment
• Observational signature of circumstellar interaction and ${}^{56}$Ni-mixing in the Type II Supernova 2016gfy
• KSP-SN-2016kf: a long-rising H-rich Type II Supernova with unusually high ${}^{56}$Ni mass discovered in the KMTNet Supernova Program
• SN 2016esw: a luminous Type II supernova observed within the first day after the explosion
• The Blue Supergiant Progenitor of the Supernova Imposter AT~2019krl
• Influence of macroclumping on type II supernova light curves
• Inferring CSM Properties of Type II SNe Using a Magnitude-Limited ZTF Sample
• SN 2015an: a normal luminosity type II supernova with low expansion velocity at early phases
• Early Light Curve Excess in Type IIb Supernovae Observed by the ATLAS Survey: Qualitative Constraints on Progenitor Systems
• SN 2019hcc: A Type II Supernova Displaying Early O II Lines
• Luminous, rapidly declining supernovae as stripped transitional objects in low metallicity environments: the case of SN 2022lxg
• HOLISMOKES -- XIV. Time-delay and differential dust extinction determination with lensed type II supernova color curves
• ZTF-observed late-time signals of pre-ZTF transients
• A Template-Based Approach to the Photometric Classification of SN 1991bg-like Supernovae in the SDSS-II Supernova Survey
• Electron-capture Supernova Candidates from Light Curves: Implications for Their Progenitors and Explosion Properties
• SN 2021tsz: A luminous, short photospheric phase Type II supernova in a low-metallicity host
• SN 2019va: A Type IIP Supernova with Large Influence of Nickel-56 Decay on the Plateau-phase Light Curve
• Progenitor and Close-In Circumstellar Medium of Type II Supernova 2020fqv from High-Cadence Photometry and Ultra-Rapid UV Spectroscopy