Hydrogen-rich Core Collapse Supernovae

Abstract

Hydrogen-rich core collapse supernovae, known as "Type II" supernovae, are the most common type of stellar explosion realized in nature. They are defined by the presence of prominent hydrogen lines in their spectra. Type II supernovae are observed only in star-forming galaxies, and several events have been directly linked to massive star progenitors. Five main subclasses are identified: Type IIP (displaying a plateau in their light curve), Type IIL (displaying a light curve decline), Type IIn (displaying narrow emission lines), Type IIb (displaying increasingly strong He features with time) and 87A-likes (displaying long-rising light curves similar to that of SN 1987A). Type IIP supernovae have been robustly established as the explosions of red supergiants, while the progenitors of Type IIL's remain elusive. Type IIn's are likely linked to luminous blue variables, Type IIb progenitors may be interacting binary systems and the prototype of the 87A-like class was observed to be the explosion of a blue supergiant. The diversity in progenitor mass, metallicity, binarity and rotation is likely responsible for the diversity in observed explosion types, but the connection between progenitor parameters and supernova properties is not yet entirely understood theoretically nor fully mapped observationally. New observational methods for constraining this connection are currently being implemented, including the analyses of large samples of events, making use of very early data (obtained hours to days from explosion) and statistical studies of host-galaxy properties.

Author version of a chapter in the 'Handbook of Supernovae', edited by A. Alsabti and P. Murdin, Springer. 38 pages, 23 figures

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• KSP-SN-2016kf: a long-rising H-rich Type II Supernova with unusually high ${}^{56}$Ni mass discovered in the KMTNet Supernova Program
• A cosmic formation site of silicon and sulphur revealed by a new type of supernova explosion
• Inferring CSM Properties of Type II SNe Using a Magnitude-Limited ZTF Sample
• Asymmetries and Circumstellar Interaction in the Type II SN 2024bch
• Luminous Type II Short-Plateau SN 2023ufx: Asymmetric Explosion of a Partially-Stripped Massive Progenitor
• SN 2016hil-- a Type II supernova in the remote outskirts of an elliptical host and its origin
• High Cadence TESS and ground-based data of SN 2019esa, the less energetic sibling of SN 2006gy
• On the Binary Nature of the Progenitor of SN2015ap: Insights from Its Light Curve and Spectral Evolution
• Types of Transients in the Centers of Post-Starburst and Quiescent Balmer-Strong Galaxies
• A New Method to Classify Type IIP/IIL Supernovae Based on their Spectra