On the "unreasonable" effectiveness of Transport of Intensity imaging and optical deconvolution

Abstract

The effectiveness of reconstructive imaging using the Homogeneous Transport of Intensity equation may be regarded as "unreasonable", because it has been shown to significantly increase signal-to-noise ratio while preserving spatial resolution, compared to equivalent conventional absorption-based imaging techniques at the same photon fluence. We reconcile this surprising behaviour by analysing the propagation of noise in typical in-line holography experiments. This analysis indicates that novel imaging techniques may be designed which produce high signal-to-noise images at low radiation doses without sacrificing spatial resolution.

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• Phase-and-amplitude recovery from a single phase contrast image using partially spatially coherent X-ray radiation
• Tomographic phase and attenuation extraction for a sample composed of unknown materials using X-ray propagation-based phase-contrast imaging
• Characterization of breast tissues in density and effective atomic number basis via spectral X-ray computed tomography
• X-ray ghost tomography: denoising, dose fractionation and mask considerations
• Quantitative Stain Mapping in X-ray Virtual Histology
• Single-exposure elemental differentiation and texture-sensitive phase-retrieval imaging with a neutron counting micro-channel plate detector