Primordial black holes from scalar field evolution in the early universe

Abstract

Scalar condensates with large expectation values can form in the early universe, for example, in theories with supersymmetry. The condensate can undergo fragmentation into Q-balls before decaying. If the Q-balls dominate the energy density for some period of time, statistical fluctuations in their number density can lead to formation of primordial black holes (PBH). In the case of supersymmetry the mass range is limited from above by $10^{23}$g. For a general charged scalar field, this robust mechanism can generate black holes over a much broader mass range, including the black holes with masses of 1-100 solar masses, which is relevant for LIGO observations of gravitational waves. Topological defects can lead to formation of PBH in a similar fashion.

13 pages, 6 figures

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• The Gravitational-Wave Physics II: Progress
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• Spins of primordial black holes formed in different cosmological scenarios
• Global 21-cm brightness temperature in viscous dark energy models
• A one-dimensional soliton system of gauged Q-ball and anti-Q-ball
• Q-balls in Non-Minimally Coupled Palatini Inflation and their Implications for Cosmology