Review on Effects of Long-lived Negatively Charged Massive Particles on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Abstract

We review important reactions in the big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) model involving a long-lived negatively charged massive particle, $X^{-}$, which is much heavier than nucleons. This model can explain the observed ${}^7$Li abundances of metal-poor stars, and predicts a primordial ${}^9$Be abundance that is larger than the standard BBN prediction. In the BBN epoch, nuclei recombine with the $X^{-}$ particle. Because of the heavy $X^{-}$ mass, the atomic size of bound states $A_X$ is as small as the nuclear size. The nonresonant recombination rates are then dominated by the $d$-wave $\to$ 2P transition for ${}^7$Li and ${}^{7,9}$Be. The ${}^7$Be destruction occurs via a recombination with the $X^{-}$ followed by a proton capture, and the primordial ${}^7$Li abundance is reduced. Also, the ${}^9$Be production occurs via the recombination of ${}^7$Li and $X^{-}$ followed by deuteron capture. The initial abundance and the lifetime of the $X^{-}$ particles are constrained from a BBN reaction network calculation. We estimate that the derived parameter region for the ${}^7$Li reduction is allowed in supersymmetric or Kaluza-Klein (KK) models. We find that either the selectron, smuon, KK electron or KK muon could be candidates for the $X^{-}$ with $m_X\sim \mathcal{O}(1)$ TeV, while the stau and KK tau cannot.

arXiv comment27 pages, 7 figures, submitted for a special issue on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

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