A Monte Carlo Approach to Magnetar-powered Transients: I. Hydrogen-deficient Superluminous Supernovae

Abstract

In this paper we collect 19 hydrogen-deficient superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and fit their light curves, temperature evolution, and velocity evolution based on the magnetar-powered model. To obtain the best-fitting parameters, we incorporate the Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. We get rather good fits for 7 events (${\chi }^2$/d.o.f = $0.24-0.96$) and good fits for other 7 events (${\chi }^2$/d.o.f = $1.37-3.13$). We find that the initial periods ($P_0$) and magnetic strength ($B_p$) of the magnetars supposed to power these SLSNe are in the range of $\sim 1.2-8.3$ ms and $\sim (0.2-8.8)\times 10^{14}$G, respectively; the inferred masses of the ejecta of these SLSNe are between 1 and 27.6 $M_{\odot }$, and the values of the gamma-ray opacity ${\kappa }_{\gamma }$ are between 0.01 and 0.82 cm${}^2$ ~g${}^{-1}$. We also calculate the fraction of the initial rotational energy of the magnetars harbored in the centers of the remnants of these SLSNe that is converted to the kinetic energy of the ejecta and find that the fraction is $\sim 19-97$ for different values of $P_0$ and $B_p$, indicating that the acceleration effect cannot be neglected. Moreover, we find that the initial kinetic energies of most of these SLSNe are so small ($\lesssim 2\times 10^{51}$ erg) that they can be easily explained by the neutrino-driven mechanism. These results can help clarify some important issues related to the energy-source mechanisms and explosion mechanisms and reveal the nature of SLSNe.

16 pages, 3 tables, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey
• 2D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of supernova ejecta with a central power source
• A Search for Late-Time Radio Emission and Fast Radio Bursts from Superluminous Supernovae
• Magnetar Engines in Fast Blue Optical Transients and Their Connections with SLSNe, SNe Ic-BL, and lGRBs
• The Energy Sources of Superluminous Supernovae
• SN 2018hti: a nearby superluminous supernova discovered in a metal-poor galaxy
• SN 2020ank: a bright and fast-evolving H-deficient superluminous supernova
• Modeling The Most Luminous Supernova Associated with a Gamma-Ray Burst, SN 2011kl
• The effects of a magnetar engine on the gamma-ray burst-associated supernovae: Application to double-peaked SN 2006aj
• Comparison of the Characteristics of Magnetars Born in Death of Massive Stars and Merger of Compact Objects With {\em Swift} Gamma-Ray Burst Data
• Magnetar Flare-Driven Bumpy Declining Light Curves in Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae
• SN 2018gk Revisited: the Photosphere, the Central Engine, And the Putative Dust
• A Population Study on the Radio Emission of Fast Blue Optical Transients
• Modeling the Light Curves of the Luminous Type Ic Supernova 2007D