SKIRT: hybrid parallelization of radiative transfer simulations

Abstract

We describe the design, implementation and performance of the new hybrid parallelization scheme in our Monte Carlo radiative transfer code SKIRT, which has been used extensively for modeling the continuum radiation of dusty astrophysical systems including late-type galaxies and dusty tori. The hybrid scheme combines distributed memory parallelization, using the standard Message Passing Interface (MPI) to communicate between processes, and shared memory parallelization, providing multiple execution threads within each process to avoid duplication of data structures. The synchronization between multiple threads is accomplished through atomic operations without high-level locking (also called lock-free programming). This improves the scaling behavior of the code and substantially simplifies the implementation of the hybrid scheme. The result is an extremely flexible solution that adjusts to the number of available nodes, processors and memory, and consequently performs well on a wide variety of computing architectures.

arXiv comment21 pages, 20 figures

References in corpus (32)

• Forming Realistic Late-Type Spirals in a LCDM Universe: The Eris Simulation
• The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks
• Three-dimensional radiative transfer modeling of AGN dusty tori as a clumpy two-phase medium
• Radiative Equilibrium and Temperature Correction in Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer
• Efficient 3D NLTE dust radiative transfer with SKIRT
• SKIRT: an Advanced Dust Radiative Transfer Code with a User-Friendly Architecture
• Sunrise: Polychromatic Dust Radiative Transfer in Arbitrary Geometries
• Radiative transfer in very optically thick circumstellar disks
• HYPERION: An open-source parallelized three-dimensional dust continuum radiative transfer code
• Optical colours and spectral indices of $z=0.1$ EAGLE galaxies with 3D dust radiative transfer code SKIRT
• Three-Dimensional Dust Radiative Transfer
• Three-Dimensional Radiation Transfer in Young Stellar Objects
• Far-infrared and dust properties of present-day galaxies in the EAGLE simulations
• The distribution of interstellar dust in CALIFA edge-on galaxies via oligochromatic radiative transfer fitting
• High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modeling : I. The grand-design spiral galaxy M51
• The Herschel-ATLAS: The dust energy balance in the edge-on spiral galaxy UGC 4754
• Dust emission from inhomogeneous interstellar clouds: radiative transfer in 3D with transiently heated particles
• The dust energy balance in the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4565
• The Herschel Exploitation of Local Galaxy Andromeda (HELGA) VII: A SKIRT radiative transfer model and insights on dust heating
• Using hierarchical octrees in Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations
• Hierarchical octree and k-d tree grids for 3D radiative transfer simulations
• FitSKIRT: genetic algorithms to automatically fit dusty galaxies with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code
• Radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of massive star formation using Monte Carlo radiative transfer: I. Algorithms and numerical methods
• Panchromatic radiative transfer modeling of stars and dust in the Sombrero galaxy
• Radiative equilibrium in Monte Carlo radiative transfer using frequency distribution adjustment
• On the Modified Random Walk for Monte-Carlo Radiation Transfer
• TRUST I: A 3D externally illuminated slab benchmark for dust radiative transfer
• Large and small-scale structures and the dust energy balance problem in spiral galaxies
• GPU-based Monte Carlo dust radiative transfer scheme applied to AGN
• HERschel Observations of Edge-on Spirals (HEROES). III. Dust energy balance study of IC 2531
• NGC4370: a case study for testing our ability to infer dust distribution and mass in nearby galaxies

Cited by in corpus (24)

• Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer
• Data release of UV to submm broadband fluxes for simulated galaxies from the EAGLE project
• Powderday: Dust Radiative Transfer for Galaxy Simulations
• Expectations of the size evolution of massive galaxies at $3\le z\le 6$ from the TNG50 simulation: the CEERS/JWST view
• X-ray radiative transfer in full 3D with SKIRT
• SOC program for dust continuum radiative transfer
• High-Resolution Radiative Transfer Modelling of M33
• High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling III. The DustPedia barred galaxies
• High-resolution synthetic UV-submm images for simulated Milky Way-type galaxies from the Auriga project
• UV to submillimetre luminosity functions of TNG50 galaxies
• High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling. II. The early-type spiral galaxy M81
• Magritte, a modern software library for 3D radiative transfer: I. Non-LTE atomic and molecular line modelling
• High-resolution synthetic UV-submm images for Milky Way-mass simulated galaxies from the ARTEMIS project
• High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling IV. AGN-powered dust heating in NGC 1068
• Self-consistent dust and non-LTE line radiative transfer with SKIRT
• High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling V. A detailed model of the M51 interacting pair
• The cosmic spectral energy distribution in the EAGLE simulation
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer with explicit absorption to simulate absorption, scattering, and stimulated emission
• Optical depth in polarised Monte Carlo radiative transfer
• Panchromatic SED fitting codes and modelling techniques
• Tetrahedral grids in Monte Carlo radiative transfer
• TODDLERS: A New UV to Millimeter Emission Library for Star-Forming Regions. II. Star Formation Rate Indicators Using Auriga Zoom Simulations
• The role of young and evolved stars in the heating of dust in local galaxies
• Dark Matter profiles of "in silico" galaxies: deep learning inference