Exponentially growing bubbles around early super massive black holes

Abstract

We addressed the so far unexplored issue of outflows induced by exponentially growing power sources, focusing on early supermassive black holes (BHs). We assumed that these objects grow to $10^9{M}_{\odot }$ by z=6 by Eddington-limited accretion and convert 5% of their bolometric output into a wind. We first considered the case of energy-driven and momentum-driven outflows expanding in a region where the gas and total mass densities are uniform and equal to the average values in the Universe at $z>6$. We derived analytic solutions for the evolution of the outflow, finding that, for an exponentially growing power with e-folding time $t_{Sal}$, the late time expansion of the outflow radius is also exponential, with e-folding time of $5t_{Sal}$ and $4t_{Sal}$ in the energy-driven and momentum-driven limit, respectively. We then considered energy-driven outflows produced by QSOs at the center of early dark matter halos of different masses and powered by BHs growing from different seeds. We followed the evolution of the source power and of the gas and dark matter density profiles in the halos from the beginning of the accretion until $z=6$. The final bubble radius and velocity do not depend on the seed BH mass but are instead smaller for larger halo masses. At z=6, bubble radii in the range 50-180 kpc and velocities in the range 400-1000 km s${}^{-1}$ are expected for QSOs hosted by halos in the mass range $3\times 10^{11}-10^{13}{M}_{\odot }$. By the time the QSO is observed, we found that the total thermal energy injected within the bubble in the case of an energy-driven outflow is $E_{th}\sim 5\times 10^{60}$ erg. This is in excellent agreement with the value of $E_{th}=(6.2\pm 1.7)\times 10^{60}$ erg measured through the detection of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect around a large population of luminous QSOs at lower redshift. [abridged]

17 pages and 14 figures. Typos corrected. It matches the version published in A&A

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