Collective phenomena in crowds - where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology

Abstract

This article is on collective phenomena in pedestrian dynamics during the assembling and dispersal phases of gatherings. To date pedestrian dynamics have been primarily studied in the natural and engineering sciences. Pedestrians are analyzed and modeled as driven particles revealing self-organizing phenomena and complex transport characteristics. However, pedestrians in crowds also behave as living beings according to stimulus-response mechanisms or act as human subjects on the basis of social norms, social identities or strategies. To show where pedestrian dynamics need social psychology in addition to the natural sciences we propose the application of three categories: phenomena, behavior and action. They permit a clear discrimination between situations in which minimal models from the natural sciences are appropriate and those in which sociological and psychological concepts are needed. To demonstrate the necessity of this framework, an experiment in which a large group of people (n=270) enters a concert hall through two different spatial barrier structures is analyzed. These two structures correspond to everyday situations such as boarding trains and access to immigration desks. Methods from the natural and social sciences are applied. Firstly, physical measurements show the influence of the spatial structure on the dynamics of the entrance procedure. Density, waiting time and speed of progress show large variations. Secondly, a questionnaire study (n=60) reveals how people perceive and evaluate these entrance situations. Markedly different expectations, social norms and strategies are associated with the two spatial structures. The results from the questionnaire study do not always conform to objective physical measures, indicating the limitations of models which are based on objective physical measures alone and which neglect subjective perspectives.

arXiv comment21 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables

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Cited by in corpus (9)

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• Agent-Based Simulation of Collective Cooperation: From Experiment to Model
• Artificial Collective Intelligence Engineering: a Survey of Concepts and Perspectives
• Environmental Memory Boosts Group Formation of Clueless Individuals
• A simple model system for self-propelled particles passing a bottleneck
• RPEE-HEADS: A Novel Benchmark for Pedestrian Head Detection in Crowd Videos
• Modelling vehicle and pedestrian collective dynamics: Challenges and advances