Symmetry breaking patterns of the 3-3-1 model at finite temperature

Abstract

We consider the minimal version of an extension of the standard electroweak model based on the $SU(3{)}_c\times SU(3{)}_L\times U(1{)}_X$ gauge symmetry (the 3-3-1 model). We analyze the most general potential constructed from three scalars in the triplet representation of $SU(3{)}_L$, whose neutral components develop nonzero vacuum expectation values, giving mass for all the model's massive particles. {}For different choices of parameters, we obtain the particle spectrum for the two symmetry breaking scales: one where the $SU(3{)}_L\times U(1{)}_X$ group is broken down to $SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_Y$ and a lower scale similar to the standard model one. Within the considerations used, we show that the model encodes two first-order phase transitions, respecting the pattern of symmetry restoration. The last transition, corresponding to the standard electroweak one, is found to be very weak first-order, most likely turning second-order or a crossover in practice. However, the first transition in this model can be strongly first-order, which might happen at a temperature not too high above the second one. We determine the respective critical temperatures for symmetry restoration for the model.

13 pages, 8 figures. Minor changes to match published version

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• Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis
• Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass in $pp$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS Experiments
• What is the Criterion for a Strong First Order Electroweak Phase Transition in Singlet Models?
• Connection of $g-2_{\mu }$, electroweak, dark matter, and collider constraints on 331 models
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