Detecting non-relativistic cosmic neutrinos by capture on tritium: phenomenology and physics potential

Abstract

We study the physics potential of the detection of the Cosmic Neutrino Background via neutrino capture on tritium, taking the proposed PTOLEMY experiment as a case study. With the projected energy resolution of $\Delta \sim$ 0.15 eV, the experiment will be sensitive to neutrino masses with degenerate spectrum, $m_1\simeq m_2\simeq m_3=m_{\nu }\gtrsim 0.1$ eV. These neutrinos are non-relativistic today; detecting them would be a unique opportunity to probe this unexplored kinematical regime. The signature of neutrino capture is a peak in the electron spectrum that is displaced by $2m_{\nu }$ above the beta decay endpoint. The signal would exceed the background from beta decay if the energy resolution is $\Delta \lesssim 0.7m_{\nu }$. Interestingly, the total capture rate depends on the origin of the neutrino mass, being ${\Gamma }^{\mathrm{D}}\simeq 4$ and ${\Gamma }^{\mathrm{M}}\simeq 8$ events per year (for a 100 g tritium target) for unclustered Dirac and Majorana neutrinos, respectively. An enhancement of the rate of up to $\mathcal{O}(1)$ is expected due to gravitational clustering, with the unique potential to probe the local overdensity of neutrinos. Turning to more exotic neutrino physics, PTOLEMY could be sensitive to a lepton asymmetry, and reveal the eV-scale sterile neutrino that is favored by short baseline oscillation searches. The experiment would also be sensitive to a neutrino lifetime on the order of the age of the universe and break the degeneracy between neutrino mass and lifetime which affects existing bounds.

32 pages, 4 figures, v.2 References added, matches the JCAP version

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