A review of neutrino decoupling from the early universe to the current universe

Abstract

We review the distortions of spectra of relic neutrinos due to the interactions with electrons, positrons, and neutrinos in the early universe. We solve integro-differential kinetic equations for the neutrino density matrix, including vacuum three-flavor neutrino oscillations, oscillations in electron and positron background, a collision term and finite temperature corrections to electron mass and electromagnetic plasma up to the next-to-leading order $\mathcal{O}(e^3)$. After that, we estimate the effects of the spectral distortions in neutrino decoupling on the number density and energy density of the Cosmic Neutrino Background (C$\nu$B) in the current universe, and discuss the implications of these effects on the capture rates in direct detection of the C$\nu$B on tritium, with emphasis on the PTOLEMY-type experiment. In addition, we find a precise value of the effective number of neutrinos, $N_{\mathrm{eff}}=3.044$. However, QED corrections to weak interaction rates at order $\mathcal{O}(e^2{G}_F^2)$ and forward scattering of neutrinos via their self-interactions have not been precisely taken into account in the whole literature so far. Recent studies suggest that these neglections might induce uncertainties of $\pm (10^{-3}-10^{-4})$ in $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$.

68 pages, 5 figures, 9 tables; comments welcome; invited review submitted in Universe, special issue "Recent Advances in Neutrino Physics: From Theory to Experiments" v2: Matches the published version in Universe

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• Non-unitary three-neutrino mixing in the early Universe
• Theoretical and Experimental Challenges in the Measurement of Neutrino Mass
• Phase Transitions and Gravitational Waves in a Model of ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ Scalar Dark Matter
• Thermodynamics of the Primordial Universe