A survey of H${}_2$O, CO${}_2$ and CO ice features towards background stars and low mass YSOs using AKARI

Abstract

We present near infrared spectroscopic observations of 19 molecular clouds made using the AKARI satellite, and the data reduction pipeline written to analyse those observations. The 2.5 --~5 $\mu$m spectra of 30 objects -- 22 field stars behind quiescent molecular clouds and eight low mass YSOs in cores -- were successfully extracted using the pipeline. Those spectra are further analysed to calculate the column densities of key solid phase molecular species, including H${}_2$O, CO${}_2$, CO, and OCN${}^{-}$. The profile of the H${}_2$O ice band is seen to vary across the objects observed and we suggest that the extended red wing may be an evolutionary indicator of both dust and ice mantle properties. The observation of 22 spectra with fluxes as low as $<$~5 mJy towards background stars, including 15 where the column densities of H${}_2$O, CO and CO${}_2$ were calculated, provides valuable data that could help to benchmark the initial conditions in star-forming regions prior to the onset of star formation.

Accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (47)

• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• The NextGen Model Atmosphere grid for $3000\le \Teff \le 10000\K$
• The Spitzer ice legacy: Ice evolution from cores to protostars
• From Molecular Cores to Planet-forming Disks: A SIRTF Legacy Program
• The Infrared Camera (IRC) for AKARI - Design and Imaging Performance
• The c2d Spitzer Spectroscopic Survey of Ices Around Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects: I. H2O and the 5-8 um Bands
• The c2d Spitzer spectroscopic survey of ices around low-mass young stellar objects II: CO2
• Photodesorption of ices I: CO, N2 and CO2
• Simulation of the Formation and Morphology of Ice Mantles on Interstellar Grains
• A 3-5 micron VLT spectroscopic survey of embedded young low mass stars I: Structure of the CO ice
• Laboratory evidence for efficient water formation in interstellar ices
• Molecular Evolution in Collapsing Prestellar Cores
• The c2d Spitzer spectroscopy survey of ices around low-mass young stellar objects, III: CH4
• Experimental evidence for water formation on interstellar dust grains by hydrogen and oxygen atoms
• Mapping ices in protostellar environments on 1000 AU scales: Methanol-rich ice in the envelope of Serpens SMM 4
• Formation of hydrogen peroxide and water from the reaction of cold hydrogen atoms with solid oxygen at 10K
• The c2d Spitzer Spectroscopic Survey of Ices Around Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects. IV. NH3 and CH3OH
• Ice and Dust in the Quiescent Medium of Isolated Dense Cores
• New Three Micron Spectra of Young Stellar Objects with H_2O Ice Bands
• A quantitative analysis of OCN- formation in interstellar ice analogs
• Spitzer Mid-infrared Spectroscopy of Ices Toward Extincted Background Stars
• Spatial mapping of ices in the Oph-F core: A direct measurement of CO depletion and the formation of CO2
• A 3-5$\mu$m VLT spectroscopic survey of embedded young low mass stars II; OCN${}^{-}$
• Near-infrared and Mid-infrared Spectroscopy with the Infrared Camera (IRC) for AKARI
• Laboratory H2O:CO2 ice desorption data: entrapment dependencies and its parameterization with an extended three-phase model
• Spitzer IRS Observations of Class I/II Objects in Taurus: Composition and Thermal History of the Circumstellar Ices
• Detection of abundant solid methanol toward young low mass stars
• Variations on a theme - the evolution of hydrocarbon solids: I. Compositional and spectral modelling - the eRCN and DG models
• CO2 formation in quiescent clouds; an experimental study of the CO + OH pathway
• Spitzer Observations of CO2 Ice Towards Field Stars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• APEX-CHAMP+ high-J CO observations of low-mass young stellar objects: I. The HH 46 envelope and outflow
• AKARI Observations of Brown Dwarfs. III. CO, CO2 and CH4 Fundamental Bands and Physical Parameters
• The Infrared Extinction Law at Extreme Depth in a Dark Cloud Core
• Infrared spectroscopy of solid CO-CO2 mixtures and layers
• Spectroscopic observations of ices around embedded young stellar objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud with AKARI
• Ices in the Quiescent IC 5146 Dense Cloud
• AKARI Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Detection of H2O and CO2 Ices toward Young Stellar Objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• ISOCAM-CVF spectroscopy of the circumstellar environment of young stellar objects
• VLT-ISAAC 3-5 micron spectroscopy of embedded young low-mass stars. III. Intermediate-mass sources in Vela
• The Nature of Carbon Dioxide Bearing Ices in Quiescent Molecular Clouds
• Ice chemistry in massive Young Stellar Objects: the role of metallicity
• Anomalous CO2 Ice Toward HOPS-68: A Tracer of Protostellar Feedback
• Deep JHKs and Spitzer Imaging of Four Isolated Molecular Cloud Cores
• Grain Growth in the Dark Cloud L1251
• Probing the Surfaces of Interstellar Dust Grains: The Adsorption of CO at Bare Grain Surfaces
• A Catalog of Background Stars Reddened by Dust in the Taurus Dark Clouds
• AKARI Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Observations of Interstellar Ices in Edge-on Starburst Galaxy NGC253

Cited by in corpus (29)

• Observations of the Icy Universe
• Influence of grain growth on CO2 ice spectroscopic profiles : Modelling for dense cores and disks
• Efficient diffusive mechanisms of O atoms at very low temperatures on surfaces of astrophysical interest
• CO${}_2$ Infrared Phonon Modes in Interstellar Ice Mixtures
• Surface chemistry in photodissociation regions
• Fitting infrared ice spectra with genetic modelling algorithms. Presenting the ENIIGMA fitting tool
• The ${}^{12}$CO${}_2$ and ${}^{13}$CO${}_2$ Absorption Bands as Tracers of the Thermal History of Interstellar Icy Grain Mantles
• Water and Methanol Ice in L1544
• Two dimensional ice mapping of molecular cores
• Modelling methanol and hydride formation in the JWST Ice Age era
• AKARI/IRC Near-Infrared Spectral Atlas of Galactic Planetary Nebulae
• Characterization of thin film CO${}_2$ ice through the infrared ${\nu }_1+{\nu }_3$ combination mode
• Astrochemical models of interstellar ices: History matters
• Detection of HOCO+ in the protostar IRAS 16293-2422
• Ices in planet-forming disks: Self-consistent ice opacities in disk models
• Near-infrared spectroscopy of a massive young stellar object in the direction toward the Galactic Center: XCN and aromatic C-D features
• ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP): How do dense core properties affect the multiplicity of protostars?
• Linking ice and gas in the Lambda Orionis Barnard 35A cloud
• The first frost in the Pipe Nebula
• Water Ice in the Edge-On Orion Silhouette Disk 114--426 from JWST NIRCam Images
• Ice features of low-luminosity protostars in near-infrared spectra of AKARI/IRC
• Distribution of Water Vapor in Molecular Clouds. II
• The SPHEREx Target List of Ice Sources (SPLICES)
• Water Ice Deposition and Growth in Molecular Clouds
• Ammonia, carbon dioxide and the non-detection of the 2152 cm${}^{-1}$ CO band
• Collisions of small ice particles under microgravity conditions (II): Does the chemical composition of the ice change the collisional properties?
• Discovery of two infrared objects with strong ice absorption in the AKARI slit-less spectroscopic survey of the Galactic Plane
• AKARI near-infrared spectroscopy of the extended green object G318.05+0.09: Detection of CO fundamental ro-vibrational emission
• A fast machine learning tool to predict the composition of astronomical ices from infrared absorption spectra