Emergent Friedmann equation from the evolution of cosmic space revisited

Abstract

Following the recent study on the emergent Friedmann equation from the expansion of cosmic space for a flat universe, we apply this method to a nonflat universe, and modify the evolution equation to lead to the Friedmann equation. In order to maintain the same form with the original evolution equation, we have to define the time-dependent Plank constant, which shows that the spatial curvature of $k=0$ and $k=1$ is preferable to $k=-1$ since the Plank constant of the nonflat open universe is divergent. Finally, we discuss its physical consequences.

8 pages, no figure, Version accepted for publication in PRD

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• The birth of the universe in a new G-Theory approach
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• Emergence and expansion of cosmic space in an accelerating BIon
• Holographic Cosmology from BIonic Solutions
• Hawking temperature and the emergent cosmic space