Emergence and oscillation of cosmic space by joining M1-branes

Abstract

Recently, it has been proposed by Padmanabhan that the difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface and the number of degrees of freedom in a bulk region leads to the expansion of the universe. Now, a natural question arises, how this model could explain the oscillation of universe between contraction and expansion branches? We try to address this issue in the framework of BIonic system. In this model, $M0$-branes join to each other and give rise to a pair of $M1$-anti-$M1$-branes. The fields which live on these branes play the roles of massive gravitons that cause the emergence of a wormhole between them and formation of a BIon system. This wormhole dissolves into M1-branes and causes a divergence between the number of degrees of freedom on the boundary surface of $M1$ and the bulk leading to an expansion of $M1$-branes. When $M1$-branes become close to each other, the square energy of their system becomes negative and some tachyonic states emerge. To removes these states, $M1$-branes compact, the sign of compacted gravity changes, causing the arising of anti-gravity: in this case, branes get away from each other. By articulating $M1$-BIons, an M3-brane and an anti-$M3$-brane are created and connected by three wormholes forming an $M3$-BIon. This new system behaves like the initial system and by closing branes to each other, they compact and, by getting away from each other, they open. Our universe is located on one of these M3-branes and, by compacting $M3$-brane, it contracts and, by opening it, it expands.

arXiv comment16 pages. 4 figures. Accepted in Eur.Phys.J.C

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• Emergent cosmic space in Rastall theory
• Current density and conductivity through modified gravity in the graphene with defects
• Emergence of F(R) gravity-analogue due to defects in graphene
• The birth of the universe in a new G-Theory approach
• The quantum effect on Friedmann equation in FRW universe
• Birth of the GUP and its effect on the entropy of the Universe in Lie-$N$-algebra
• Cosmological expansion and contraction from Pauli exclusion principle in $M0$-branes
• Quarkonium in a thermal BIon
• On the origin of generalized uncertainty principle from compactified M5-brane
• The evolution of Brown-York quasilocal energy due to evolution of Lovelock gravity in a system of M0-branes