Combined Effects of Binaries and Stellar Rotation on the Color-Magnitude Diagrams of Intermediate-Age Star Clusters

Abstract

About seventy percent of intermediate-age star clusters in the Large Magellanic Clouds have been confirmed to have broad main sequence, multiple or extended turn-offs and dual red giant clumps. The observed result seems against the classical idea that such clusters are simple stellar populations. Although many models have been used for explaining the results via factors such as prolonged star formation history, metallicity spread, differential redenning, selection effect, observational uncertainty, stellar rotation, and binary interaction, the reason for the special color-magnitude diagrams is still uncertain. We revisit this question via the combination of stellar rotation and binary effects. As a result, it shows "golf club" color-magnitude diagrams with broad or multiple turn-offs, dual red clump, blue stragglers, red stragglers, and extended main sequences. Because both binaries and massive rotators are common, our result suggests that most color-magnitude diagrams including extended turn-off or multiple turn-offs can be explained using simple stellar populations including both binary and stellar rotation effects, or composite populations with two components.

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