Frequency Conversion in a High Q-factor Sapphire Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator due to Paramagnetic Nonlinearity

Abstract

Nonlinear frequency conversion is a well known and widely exploited family of effects in optics, often arising from a Kerr nonlinearity in a crystal medium. Here, we report high stability frequency conversion in the microwave regime due to a ${\chi }^{(3)}$ nonlinearity in sapphire introduced by a dilute concentration of paramagnetic spins. First, we produce a high stability comb from two microwave fields at 12.029 and 12.037 GHz corresponding to two high $Q$-factor Whispering Gallery (WG) modes within the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) bandwidth of the Fe${}^{3+}$ ion. The resulting comb is generated by a cascaded four-wave mixing effect with a 7.7 MHz repetition rate. Then, by suppressing four-wave mixing by increasing the threshold power, third harmonic generation is achieved in a variety of WG modes coupled to various species of paramagnetic ion within the sapphire.

References in corpus (5)

• Full Stabilization of a Microresonator based Optical Frequency Comb
• Measurement of fundamental thermal noise limit in a cryogenic sapphire frequency standard using bimodal maser oscillations
• Degenerate four-wave mixing in triply-resonant Kerr cavities
• Four Wave Mixing from Fe3+ Spins in Sapphire
• Controlling the Frequency-Temperature Sensitivity of a Cryogenic Sapphire Maser Frequency Standard by Manipulating Fe3+ Spins in the Sapphire Lattice

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• Hybrid Electron Spin Resonance and Whispering Gallery Mode Resonance Spectroscopy of Fe3+ in Sapphire
• Influence of the ESR saturation on the power sensitivity of cryogenic sapphire resonators
• Probing Dark Universe with Exceptional Points
• Low-Temperature Microwave Properties of Biaxial YAlO3
• Jump Chaotic Behaviour of Ultra Low Loss Bulk Acoustic Wave Cavities
• Generation of Bimodal Solitons in a Sapphire Whispering Gallery Mode Maser at Millikelvin Temperatures