A redshift - observation-time relation for gamma-ray bursts: evidence of a distinct sub-luminous population

Abstract

We show how the redshift and peak-flux distributions of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have an observation time dependence that can be used to discriminate between different burst populations. We demonstrate how observation time relations can be derived from the standard integral distributions and that they can differentiate between GRB populations detected by both the BATSE and \emph{Swift} satellites. Using \emph{Swift} data we show that a redshift--observation-time relation (log\,$Z$\,--\,log\,$T$) is consistent with both a peak-flux\,--\,observation time relation (log\,$P$\,--\,log\,$T$) and a standard log\,$N$\,--\,log\,$P$ brightness distribution. As the method depends only on rarer small-$z$ events, it is invariant to high-$z$ selection effects. We use the log\,$Z$\,--\,log\,$T$ relation to show that sub-luminous GRBs are a distinct population occurring at a higher rate of order $150_{-90}^{+180}{\mathrm{Gpc}}^{-3}{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$. Our analysis suggests that GRB 060505 -- a relatively nearby GRB observed without any associated supernova -- is consistent with a sub-luminous population of bursts. Finally, we suggest that our relations can be used as a consistency test for some of the proposed GRB spectral energy correlations.

Accepted by MNRAS

References in corpus (90)

• The Supernova -- Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
• On the normalisation of the cosmic star formation history
• A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003
• Intrinsic spectra and energetics of BeppoSAX Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts
• Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Progenitor Stars of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Short-Hard Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Long gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have different environments
• GRB Formation Rates inferred from the Spectral Peak Energy - Luminosity Relation
• Connection Between Energy-dependent Lags And Peak Luminosity In Gamma-ray Bursts
• An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218
• The Fourth BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog (Revised)
• Relativistic ejecta from XRF 060218 and the rate of cosmic explosions
• A Photometric Redshift of z ~ 9.4 for GRB 090429B
• Short Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission
• On the metallicity dependence of Wolf-Rayet winds
• No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma ray bursts
• Short Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission from Proto-Magnetar Spin-Down
• Measured Metallicities at the Sites of Nearby Broad-Lined Type Ic Supernovae and Implications for the SN-GRB Connection
• On the Association of Gamma-ray Bursts with Massive Stars: Implications for Number Counts and Lensing Statistics
• Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era
• The Physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The luminosity function and the rate of Swift's Gamma Ray Bursts
• Low Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Unique Population: Luminosity Function, Local Rate, and Beaming Factor
• Three types of gamma-ray bursts
• The Afterglows of Swift-era Gamma-Ray Bursts II.: Type I GRB versus Type II GRB Optical Afterglows
• The Second Swift BAT Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog
• Short GRBs with Extended Emission from Magnetar Birth: Jet Formation and Collimation
• On the Rates of Gamma Ray Bursts and Type Ib/c Supernovae
• Making a Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Long one: Implications for the Nature of GRB 060614
• High Energy Neutrinos and Cosmic-Rays from Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts?
• Discovery of the nearby long, soft GRB 100316D with an associated supernova
• GRB 080913 at redshift 6.7
• GRB 080503: Implications of a Naked Short Gamma-Ray Burst Dominated by Extended Emission
• The Cosmic Rate, Luminosity Function and Intrinsic Correlations of Long GRBs
• A 3rd Class of Gamma Ray Bursts?
• The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long GRBs
• Star Formation History up to z = 7.4: Implications for Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Cosmic Metallicity Evolution
• SN 2006aj and the nature of low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts
• An observational imprint of the Collapsar model of long Gamma Ray Bursts
• The Swift short gamma-ray burst rate density: implications for binary neutron star merger rates
• Open Questions in GRB Physics
• Threshold for Extended Emission in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Distinct GRB Population:A Firmer Case from Multiple Criteria Constraints
• Spatially resolved properties of the GRB 060505 host: implications for the nature of the progenitor
• The Connection between Gamma-Ray Bursts and Extremely Metal-Poor Stars: Black Hole-forming Supernovae with Relativistic Jets
• GRB 060505: A possible short-duration gamma-ray burst in a star forming region at redshift of 0.09
• Astrophysics: A burst of new ideas
• Jet Breaks in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts. I: The Uncollimated Afterglow of GRB 050724
• The Gamma Ray Burst Luminosity Function in the Light of the Swift 2-year Data
• The X-ray afterglow of the short gamma ray burst 050724
• Do long-duration GRBs follow star formation?
• Discovery of the afterglow and host galaxy of the low redshift short GRB 080905A
• Global Properties of X-Ray Flashes and X-Ray-Rich Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by Swift
• Detailed Classification of Swift's Gamma-Ray Bursts
• In search of progenitors for supernova-less GRBs 060505 and 060614: re-examination of their afterglows
• The peak luminosity - peak energy correlation in GRBs
• The long gamma-ray burst rate and the correlation with host galaxy properties
• Evidence for Luminosity Evolution of Long Gamma-ray Bursts in Swift Data
• Explosive Nucleosynthesis from GRB and Hypernova Progenitors: Direct Collapse versus Fallback
• Multicolor observations of the afterglow of the short/hard GRB 050724
• The Spectral Lag of GRB060505: A Likely Member of the Long Duration Class
• Short Gamma-Ray Bursts and Gravitational Waves from Dynamically Formed Merging Binaries
• Testing the Randomness in the Sky-Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Heterogeneity in Short Gamma-ray Bursts
• Classification of BeppoSAX's Gamma-Ray Bursts
• A distinct peak-flux distribution of the third class of gamma-ray bursts: A possible signature of X-ray flashes?
• Redshift distribution and luminosity function of long gamma-ray bursts from cosmological simulations
• Cosmological Evolution and Luminosity Function Effects on Number Counts, Redshift and Time Dilation of Bursting Sources
• The Brightness Distribution of Bursting Sources in Relativistic Cosmologies
• Search for Gamma-Ray Burst Classes with the RHESSI Satellite
• The low-luminosity tail of the GRB distribution: the case of GRB 980425
• Gravitational wave background from sub-luminous GRBs: prospects for second and third generation detectors
• Simulating a faint gamma-ray burst population
• GRB 050911: a black hole - neutron star merger or a naked GRB
• Open issues with the gamma-ray burst redshift distribution
• Where are the missing gamma ray burst redshifts?
• Short gamma-ray bursts from SGR giant flares and neutron star mergers: two populations are better than one
• A cosmological "probability event horizon" and its observational implications
• Constraints on the Redshift and Luminosity Distributions of Gamma Ray Bursts in an Einstein-de Sitter Universe
• Redshift distribution of gamma-ray bursts and star formation rate
• Cosmological effects on the observed flux and fluence distributions of gamma-ray bursts: Are the most distant bursts in general the faintest ones?
• Statistical analysis of BATSE gamma-ray bursts: Self-similarity and the Amati-relation
• Probing the low-luminosity GRB population with new generation satellite detectors
• The gravitational wave "probability event horizon" for double neutron star mergers
• An improved method for estimating source densities using the temporal distribution of Cosmological Transients
• Rest-frame properties of gamma-ray bursts observed by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor
• Application of the Probability Event Horizon filter to constrain the local rate density of binary black hole inspirals with Advanced LIGO
• Could the GRB-Supernovae GRB 031203 and XRF 060218 be Cosmic Twins?

Cited by in corpus (22)

• Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A
• The ultra-long Gamma-Ray Burst 111209A: the collapse of a blue supergiant?
• Choked Jets and Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Hidden Neutrino Sources
• Estimating Long GRB Jet Opening Angles and Rest-Frame Energetics
• Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Neutrinos in the IceCube Era
• Joint gravitational wave -- gamma-ray burst detection rates in the aftermath of GW170817
• The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst redshift distribution: selection biases and optical brightness evolution at high-z?
• Methods and results of a search for gravitational waves associated with gamma-ray bursts using the GEO600, LIGO, and Virgo detectors
• A search for prompt gamma-ray counterparts to fast radio bursts in the Insight-HXMT data
• Constraining the rate and luminosity function of Swift gamma-ray bursts
• Cosmic Evolution of Long Gamma-Ray Burst Luminosity
• Classification of Photospheric Emission in Short GRBs
• A search for gamma-ray prompt emission associated with the Lorimer Burst FRB010724
• Research on the redshift evolution of luminosity function and selection effect of GRBs
• Gamma Ray Bursts as Neutrino Sources
• Hunting Gravitational Waves with Multi-Messenger Counterparts: Australia's Role
• Revisiting the Formation Rate and the Redshift Distribution of LGRBs
• The pulse luminosity function of Swift gamma-ray bursts
• The radio afterglow of the ultra-long GRB 220627A
• Study of a Population of Gamma-ray Bursts with Low-Luminosity Afterglows
• Multi-Messenger Signatures of PeV-ZeV Cosmic Ray Sources
• The apparent and cosmic rates of short gamma-ray bursts