Spontaneous solitons in the thermal equilibrium of a quasi-one-dimensional Bose gas

Abstract

Solitons, or non-destructible local disturbances, are important features of many one-dimensional (1D) nonlinear wave phenomena, from water waves in narrow canals to light pulses in optical fibers. In ultra-cold gases, they have long been sought, and were first observed to be generated by phase-imprinting. More recently, their spontaneous formation in 1D gases was predicted as a result of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism, rapid evaporative cooling, and dynamical processes after a quantum quench. Here we show that they actually occur generically in the thermal equilibrium state of a weakly-interacting elongated Bose gas, without the need for external forcing or perturbations. This reveals a major new quality to the experimentally widespread quasicondensate state. It can be understood via thermal occupation of the famous and somewhat elusive Type II excitations in the Lieb-Liniger model of a uniform 1D gas.

8 pages, 7 figures, significant additional analysis added

References in corpus (6)

• Oscillations and interactions of dark and dark-bright solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates
• Dynamics and statistical mechanics of ultra-cold Bose gases using c-field techniques
• Heavy Solitons in a Fermionic Superfluid
• Formation of Quantum Shock Waves by Merging and Splitting Bose-Einstein Condensates
• Two-point phase correlations of a one-dimensional bosonic Josephson junction
• Nonthermal fixed points and solitons in a one-dimensional Bose gas

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