Drag force on an impurity below the superfluid critical velocity in a quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate

Abstract

The existence of frictionless flow below a critical velocity for obstacles moving in a superfluid is well established in the context of the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii theory. We calculate the next order correction due to quantum and thermal fluctuations and find a non-zero force acting on a delta-function impurity moving through a quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate at all subcritical velocities and at all temperatures. The force occurs due to an imbalance in the Doppler shifts of reflected quantum fluctuations from either side of the impurity. Our calculation is based on a consistent extension of Bogoliubov theory to second order in the interaction strength, and finds new analytical solutions to the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations for a gray soliton. Our results raise questions regarding the quantum dynamics in the formation of persistent currents in superfluids.

7 pages (including supplementary material)

References in corpus (5)

• Non-equilibrium coherence dynamics in one-dimensional Bose gases
• Observation of persistent flow of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a toroidal trap
• Extension of Bogoliubov theory to quasi-condensates
• Stationary and non-stationary fluid flow of a Bose-Einstein condensate through a penetrable barrier
• Critical velocity for superfluid flow across the BEC-BCS crossover

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