On freeze-out problem in relativistic hydrodynamics

Abstract

A finite unbound system which is equilibrium in one reference frame is in general nonequilibrium in another frame. This is a consequence of the relative character of the time synchronization in the relativistic physics. This puzzle was a prime motivation of the Cooper--Frye approach to the freeze-out in relativistic hydrodynamics. Solution of the puzzle reveals that the Cooper--Frye recipe is far not a unique phenomenological method that meets requirements of energy-momentum conservation. Alternative freeze-out recipes are considered and discussed.

6 pages, 2 figures, references are corrected and updated, to be published in the issue of Phys. Atom. Nucl. dedicated to S.T. Belyaev on the occasion of his birthday

References in corpus (6)

• Hydrodynamic Models for Heavy Ion Collisions
• Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions within 3-Fluid Hydrodynamics: Hadronic Scenario
• Shock-like Freeze-out in Relativistic Hydrodynamics
• On freeze-out problem in hydro-kinetic approach to A+A collisions
• Hydro-kinetic approach to relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Dynamical Freeze-out in 3-Fluid Hydrodynamics

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• Kinetic freeze-out, particle spectra and harmonic flow coefficients from mode-by-mode hydrodynamics
• Elliptic Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Energies $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 2.7--39 GeV
• Vortex rings in fragmentation regions in heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 39 GeV
• What can we learn from the directed flow in heavy-ion collisions at BES RHIC energies?
• Entropy Production and Effective Viscosity in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Three-fluid Hydrodynamics-based Event Simulator Extended by UrQMD final State interactions (THESEUS) for FAIR-NICA-SPS-BES/RHIC energies
• Bulk Properties of the Matter Produced at Energies of the Beam Energy Scan Program
• Global $\Lambda$ polarization in heavy-ion collisions at energies 2.4--7.7 GeV: Effect of Meson-Field Interaction
• Update of the Three-fluid Hydrodynamics-based Event Simulator: light-nuclei production in heavy-ion collisions
• High baryon and energy densities achievable in heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 39 GeV
• Light fragment production at CERN Super Proton Synchrotron
• Estimates of the baryon densities attainable in heavy-ion collisions from the beam energy scan program
• Examination of STAR fixed-target data on directed flow at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 3 and 4.5 GeV
• Directed flow in heavy-ion collisions and its implications for astrophysics
• Light-nuclei production in heavy-ion collisions within a thermodynamical approach
• Vortex rings in heavy-ion collisions at energies $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 3--30 GeV and possibility of their observation
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• Predictions of baryon directed flow in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density
• Space-time regions of high baryon density and baryon stopping in heavy-ion collisions