Star Clusters in M31: I. A Catalog and a Study of the Young Clusters

Abstract

We present an updated catalog of 1300 objects in the field of M31, including 670 likely star clusters of various types. Archival images were inspected to confirm cluster classifications where possible, but most of the classifications were based on spectra taken of ~1000 objects with the Hectospec fiber positioner and spectrograph on the 6.5m MMT. The spectra and images of young clusters are analyzed in detail in this paper. Ages, reddenings and masses of 140 young clusters are derived by comparing the observed spectra and photometry with model spectra. We find these to have masses as great as 10^5 with a median of 10^4 M_sun, and a median age of 0.25 Gyr. Thus these clusters are similar in mass to the LMC young massive clusters, and are in between Milky Way open clusters and the globulars of M31 and the Milky Way. Most of the M31 young clusters have the low concentration typical of Milky Way open clusters, and we expect that most of these will be disrupted in the next Gyr, but a few have high concentrations and will likely survive longer. The spatial distribution of the young clusters is well correlated with the star-forming regions as mapped out by mid-IR emission. A kinematic analysis likewise confirms the spatial association of the young clusters with the young disk in M31.

arXiv comment18 pages of text and figures, 23 of tables, to appear in AJ. http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/oir/eg/m31clusters/M31_Hectospec.html is a new M31 web site containing tables and postage stamp images of the entire catalog

References in corpus (42)

• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• The Photometric Performance and Calibration of the HST Advanced Camera For Surveys
• 2MASS Extended Source Catalog: Overview and Algorithms
• Resolved Massive Star Clusters in the Milky Way and its Satellites: Brightness Profiles and a Catalogue of Fundamental Parameters
• Astrophysical parameters of Galactic open clusters
• A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars. I. UBVRI Photometry of Stars in M31 and M33
• M31 Globular Clusters: Colors and Metallicities
• An analytical description of the disruption of star clusters in tidal fields with an application to Galactic open clusters
• On the massive stellar population of the Super Star Cluster Westerlund 1
• 2MASS NIR photometry for 693 candidate globular clusters in M31 and the Revised Bologna Catalogue
• Spitzer/MIPS Infrared Imaging of M31: Further Evidence for a Spiral/Ring Composite Structure
• Star Cluster Formation and Disruption Time-Scales -- I. An empirical determination of the disruption time of star clusters in four galaxies
• The Kinematics and Metallicity of the M31 Globular Cluster System
• A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars: II. UBVRI Photometry of Stars in Seven Dwarfs and a Comparison of the Entire Sample
• Star Cluster Demographics. I. A General Framework and Application to the Antennae Galaxies
• AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds. II. The rate of star formation across the LMC
• A new population of extended, luminous star clusters in the halo of M31
• A Library of Integrated Spectra of Galactic Globular Clusters
• An almost head-on collision as the origin of two off-centre rings in the Andromeda galaxy
• Structural parameters for globular clusters in M31 and generalizations for the fundamental plane
• How well do we know the age and mass distributions of the star cluster system in the Large Magellanic Cloud?
• New Light on the Formation and Evolution of M31 and its Globular Cluster System
• Unravelling the mystery of the M31 bar
• Detailed analysis of open clusters: a mass function break and evidence of a fundamental plane
• The effect of spiral arm passages on the evolution of stellar clusters
• An updated survey of globular clusters in M31. II Newly discovered bright and remote clusters
• The Chemical Properties of Milky Way and M31 Globular Clusters: I. A Comparative Study
• Unveiling the Boxy Bulge and Bar of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy
• M31 Globular Clusters in the HST Archive: I. Cluster Detection and Completeness
• Globular Cluster and Galaxy Formation: M31, the Milky Way and Implications for Globular Cluster Systems of Spiral Galaxies
• Massive young clusters in the disc of M31
• Wide-Field Survey of Globular Clusters in M31. II. Kinematics of the Globular Cluster System
• M31's Undisturbed Thin Disk of Globular Clusters
• Wide-Field Survey of Globular Clusters in M31. I. A Catalog of New Clusters
• Old open clusters in the inner Galaxy: FSR1744, FSR89 and FSR31
• WFPC2 Observations of Massive and Compact Young Star Clusters in M31
• Faint open clusters with 2MASS: BH 63, Lyngå2, Lyngå12 and King 20
• To Be or Not To Be: Very Young Globular Clusters in M31
• Identification and Analysis of Young Star Cluster Candidates in M31
• Structure and stellar content analysis of the open cluster M11 with 2MASS photometry
• An HST Survey of the Disk Cluster Population of M31. I. WFPC2 Pointings
• A populous intermediate-age open cluster and evidence of an embedded cluster among the FSR globular cluster candidates

Cited by in corpus (101)

• Young massive star clusters
• Target Selection for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury
• Star Clusters in M31: II. Old Cluster Metallicities and Ages from Hectospec Data
• On the Formation of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters
• Star Clusters in M31: V. Internal Dynamical Trends: Some Troublesome, Some Reassuring
• Crater 2: An Extremely Cold Dark Matter Halo
• The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - I. The final PAndAS catalogue
• The metallicity profile of M31 from spectroscopy of hundreds of HII regions and PNe
• Global survey of star clusters in the Milky Way I. The pipeline and fundamental parameters in the second quadrant
• Constraining Globular Cluster Formation Through Studies of Young Massive Clusters: I. A lack of ongoing star formation within young clusters
• The M31 globular cluster system: ugriz and K-band photometry and structural parameters
• A New Catalog of HII Regions in M31
• A unified model for the maximum mass-scales of molecular clouds, stellar clusters, and high-redshift clumps
• Measuring Consistent Masses for 25 Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Rotation of Halo Populations in the Milky Way and M31
• Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury XVIII. The High-mass Truncation of the Star Cluster Mass Function
• Yellow Supergiants in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)
• The deep XMM-Newton Survey of M 31
• PHAT Stellar Cluster Survey. II. Andromeda Project Cluster Catalog
• Exploring the Properties of the M31 Halo Globular Cluster System
• An updated survey of globular clusters in M 31. III. A spectroscopic metallicity scale for the Revised Bologna Catalog
• Mass-to-Light Ratios for M31 Globular Clusters: Age-Dating and a Surprising Metallicity Trend
• Star Clusters in M31. V. Evidence for Self-Enrichment in Old M31 Clusters from Integrated Spectroscopy
• Star Clusters in M31: VII. Global Kinematics and Metallicity Subpopulations of the Globular Clusters
• AGB Sodium Abundances in the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104)
• The outer halo globular cluster system of M31 - III. Relationship to the stellar halo
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. III. On the Discrepancy in Metallicity between Globular Cluster Systems and their Parent Elliptical Galaxies
• A Comprehensive GALEX Ultraviolet Catalog of Star Clusters in M31 and a Study of the Young Clusters
• Super-star clusters versus OB associations
• Two major accretion epochs in M31 from two distinct populations of globular clusters
• First detection and characterization of symbiotic stars in M31
• Spectral energy distributions and age estimates of 104 M31 globular clusters
• The Close Binary Frequency of Wolf-Rayet Stars as a Function of Metallicity in M31 and M33
• Spectral Energy Distributions and Age Estimates of 39 Globular Clusters in M31
• The Nature and Orbit of the Ophiuchus Stream
• An HST/WFPC2 Survey of Bright Young Clusters in M31 III. Structural Parameters
• Infrared High-Resolution Integrated Light Spectral Analyses of M31 Globular Clusters from APOGEE
• A systematic study of low mass X-ray binaries in the M31 globular cluster system
• An updated catalog of M31 globular-like clusters: UBVRI photometry, ages, and masses
• Star Clusters in M 31. IV. A Comparative Analysis of Absorption Line Indices in Old M 31 and Milky Way Clusters
• Young and intermediate-age massive star clusters
• Compact Star Clusters in the M31 Disk
• The Recent Stellar Archeology of M31 - The Nearest Red Disk Galaxy
• The Outer Halo Globular Clusters of M31
• Four new black hole candidates identified in M31 globular clusters with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• HST/ACS colour-magnitude diagrams of M31 globular clusters
• A Possible Solution for the M/L-[Fe/H] Relation of Globular Clusters in M31: A metallicity and density dependent top-heavy IMF
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury III. Measuring Ages and Masses of Partially Resolved Stellar Clusters
• The survey of planetary nebulae in Andromeda (M31). IV. Radial oxygen and argon abundance gradients of the thin and thicker disc
• The LAMOST spectroscopic survey of star clusters in M31. II. Metallicities, ages and masses
• Red Supergiants in M31: The Humphreys-Davidson limit at high metallicity
• A Survey of the Local Group of Galaxies for Symbiotic Binary Stars. I. First detection of symbiotic stars in M33
• Light and Heavy Element Abundance Variations in the Outer Halo Globular Cluster NGC 6229
• Deriving star cluster parameters with convolutional neural networks. I. Age, mass, and size
• A Survey for Planetary Nebulae in M31 Globular Clusters
• Testing stellar population synthesis models with Sloan Digital Sky Survey colors of M31's globular clusters
• HST/ACS color-magnitude diagrams of candidate intermediate-age M 31 globular clusters. The role of blue horizontal branches
• Novae in Globular Clusters
• Age and structure parameters of a remote M31 globular cluster B514 based on HST, 2MASS, GALEX and BATC observations
• Chandra identification of 26 new black hole candidates in the central region of M31
• Structural parameters for globular clusters in M31
• Newly Identified Star Clusters in M33. III. Structural Parameters
• Around 200 new X-ray binary IDs from 13 years of Chandra observations of the M31 center
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. V. Nonlinear Absorption-line Index versus Metallicity Relations and Bimodal Index Distributions of M31 Globular Clusters
• Hubble Space Telescope Snapshot Search for Planetary Nebulae in Globular Clusters of the Local Group
• A Larger Extent for the Ophiuchus Stream
• Estimating ages and metallicities of M31 star clusters from LAMOST DR6
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. IV. Testing the Nonlinearity Scenario for Color Bimodality via HST/WFC3 u-band Photometry of M84 (NGC 4374)
• An HST/WFPC Survey of Bright Young Clusters in M31. II. Photometry of Less Luminous Clusters in the Fields
• Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters III. Application to M31 PHAT clusters
• Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of a Planetary Nebula in an M31 Open Cluster: Hot-Bottom Burning at $3.4M_{\odot }$
• Old Massive Globular Clusters and the Stellar Halo of the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 4449
• The first transition Wolf-Rayet WN/C star in M31
• Spectroscopic Study of Globular Clusters in the Halo of M31 with Xinglong 2.16m Telescope
• Globular Clusters in the Outer Halo of M31
• Systematic differences in simple stellar population model results: Application to the M31 globular-like cluster system
• Age and mass constraints for a young massive cluster in M31 based on spectral-energy-distribution fitting
• Multicolour Photometric Study of M31 Globular Clusters
• Age and mass studies for young star clusters in M31 from SEDs-fit
• Star Clusters in M31: Old Clusters with Bar Kinematics
• Spectral Energy Distributions and Masses of 304 M31 Old Star Clusters
• Measuring distances to galaxies with globular cluster velocity dispersions
• Comparing Mid-Infrared Globular Cluster Colors With Population Synthesis Models
• Metallicities of Outer Halo M31 Globular Clusters from Integrated Light Calcium-II Triplet Spectroscopy
• Globular clusters in the stellar stream surrounding the Milky Way analog NGC 5907
• A Star in the M31 Giant Stream: the Highest Negative Stellar Velocity Known
• Identification of new M31 star cluster candidates from PAndAS images using convolutional neural networks
• Supersoft sources in M 31: Comparing the XMM-Newton Deep Survey, ROSAT and Chandra catalogues
• A Spectroscopic Search for High Mass X-ray Binaries in M31
• Characterization of the Most Luminous Star in M33: A Super Symbiotic Binary
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. A Search for Planetary Nebulae in Virgo Cluster Globular Clusters
• Spectroscopic Study of Globular Clusters in the Halo of M31 with Xinglong 2.16m Telescope II: Dynamics, Metallicity and Age
• Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters. VII. Adaptive aperture photometry of the M31 PHAT star clusters
• XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the M31 globular cluster black hole candidate XB135: a heavyweight contender cut down to size
• Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters. VIII. Limits of aperture photometry for star cluster studies
• Study of Integrated Spectra of Four Globular Clusters in M31
• Horizontal branch structure, age, and chemical composition for very metal-poor extragalactic globular clusters
• Integrated Spectroscopy of Extragalactic Globular Clusters
• The Future of IMF studies with the ELT and MICADO I: The local Universe as a resolved IMF laboratory