Building all Time Evolutions with Rotationally Invariant Hamiltonians

Abstract

All elementary Hamiltonians in nature are expected to be invariant under rotation. Despite this restriction, we usually assume that any arbitrary measurement or unitary time evolution can be implemented on a physical system, an assumption whose validity is not obvious. We introduce two different schemes by which any arbitrary unitary time evolution and measurement can be implemented with desired accuracy by using rotationally invariant Hamiltonians that act on the given system and two ancillary systems serving as reference frames. These frames specify the z and x directions and are independent of the desired time evolution. We also investigate the effects of quantum fluctuations that inevitably arise due to usage of a finite system as a reference frame and estimate how fast these fluctuations tend to zero when the size of the reference frame tends to infinity. Moreover we prove that for a general symmetry any symmetric quantum operations can be implemented just by using symmetric interactions and ancillas in the symmetric states.

26 pages, 5 figures; V2 published version (Typos corrected, Figures changed, more discussion about metric)

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• Quantum reference frames associated with non-compact groups: the case of translations and boosts, and the role of mass
• Optimal Universal Quantum Error Correction via Bounded Reference Frames
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• Quantifying quantum reference frames in composed systems: local, global and mutual asymmetries
• Rotationally-Invariant Circuits: Universality with the exchange interaction and two ancilla qubits
• Quantum-enhanced learning of rotations about an unknown direction
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• Strong symmetries in collision models and physical dilations of covariant quantum maps