On-The-Fly Observing System of the Nobeyama 45-m and ASTE 10-m Telescopes

Abstract

We have developed spectral line On-The-Fly (OTF) observing mode for the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45-m and the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment 10-m telescopes. Sets of digital autocorrelation spectrometers are available for OTF with heterodyne receivers mounted on the telescopes, including the focal-plane 5 x 5 array receiver, BEARS, on the 45-m. During OTF observations, the antenna is continuously driven to cover the mapped region rapidly, resulting in high observing efficiency and accuracy. Pointing of the antenna and readouts from the spectrometer are recorded as fast as 0.1 second. In this paper we report improvements made on software and instruments, requirements and optimization of observing parameters, data reduction process, and verification of the system. It is confirmed that, using optimal parameters, the OTF is about twice as efficient as conventional position-switch observing method.

11 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ

References in corpus (1)

• The On The Fly Imaging Technique

Cited by in corpus (110)

• CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope (FUGIN) I: Project Overview and Initial Results
• Dynamically Driven Evolution of the Interstellar Medium in M51
• Breakdown of Kennicutt-Schmidt Law at GMC Scales in M33
• The Super-linear Slope of the Spatially-Resolved Star Formation Law in NGC 3521 and NGC 5194 (M51a)
• High abundance ratio of ${}^{13}$CO to C${}^{18}$O toward photon-dominated regions in the Orion-A giant molecular cloud
• GMC Evolutions in the Nearby Spiral Galaxy M33
• Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Observations of the OMC-2/3 Region. III. An Extensive Survey for Molecular Outflows
• Physical Conditions in Molecular Clouds in the Arm and Interarm Regions of M51
• Star formation efficiency in the Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 4303
• CO(1-0) imaging of M51 with CARMA and NRO45
• Molecular Outflows From the Protocluster, Serpens South
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING) IV. Overview of the Project
• Kinematic structure of massive star-forming regions - I. Accretion along filaments
• New Panoramic View of ${}^{12}$CO and 1.1 mm Continuum Emission in the Orion A Molecular Cloud. I. Survey Overview and Possible External Triggers of Star Formation
• The Molecular Outflows in the rho Ophiuchi Main Cloud: Implications For Turbulence Generation
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope (FUGIN) 2: Possible evidence for formation of NGC~6618 cluster in M17 by cloud-cloud collision
• Fragmentation and dynamical collapse of the starless high-mass star-forming region IRDC18310-4
• Astrochemical Properties of Planck Cold Clumps
• The onset of high-mass star formation in the direct vicinity of the galactic mini-starburst W43
• Extensive [CI] Mapping toward the Orion-A Molecular Cloud
• A Mapping Survey of Dense Clumps Associated with Embedded Clusters : Evolutionary Stages of Cluster-Forming Clumps
• Colliding Filaments and a Massive Dense Core in the Cygnus OB 7 Molecular Cloud
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope (FUGIN) : Molecular clouds toward W33 ; possible evidence for a cloud-cloud collision triggering O star formation
• ALMA ${}^{12}$CO (J=1--0) imaging of the nearby galaxy M83: Variations in the efficiency of star formation in giant molecular clouds
• Wide-field 12CO (J = 1-0) Imaging of the Nearby Barred Galaxy M83 with NMA and Nobeyema 45-m telescope: Molecular Gas Kinematics and Star Formation Along the Bar
• Unveiling the detailed density and velocity structures of the protostellar core B335
• NRO M33 All Disk Survey of Giant Molecular Clouds (NRO MAGiC): I. HI to H_2 Transition
• Nobeyama 45-m mapping observations toward nearby molecular clouds, Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17: Project overview
• The Dynamical State of The Serpens South Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud
• Cluster formation in the W40 and Serpens South complex triggered by the expanding HII region
• A Mapping Survey of Dense Clumps Associated with Embedded Clusters II : Can Clump-Clump Collisions Induce Stellar Clusters?
• A C${}^{18}$O study of the origin of the power-law nature in the IMF
• Nobeyama 45-m Mapping Observations toward Orion A.I. Molecular Outflows
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING): I. Physical properties of molecular gas in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 2903
• Discovery of molecular and atomic clouds associated with the gamma-ray supernova remnant Kesteven 79
• The chemical structure of young high-mass star-forming clumps: (II) parsec-scale CO depletion and deuterium fraction of $\mathrm{HC}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$
• A large amount of diffuse molecular gases in the bar of the strongly barred galaxy NGC1300: Cause of the low star formation efficiency
• FOREST Unbiased Galactic plane Imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN). VI. Dense gas and mini-starbursts in the W43 giant molecular cloud complex
• HCN $J$=4-3, HNC $J$=1-0, ${\mathrm{H}}^{13}\mathrm{CN}$ $J$=1-0, and $\mathrm{H}{\mathrm{C}}_3\mathrm{N}$ $J$=10-9 Maps of Galactic Center Region I: Spatially-Resolved Measurements of Physical Conditions and Chemical Composition
• ASTE CO(3-2) Mapping toward the Whole Optical Disk of M 83: Properties of Inter-arm GMAs
• Discovery of Star Formation in the Extreme Outer Galaxy Possibly Induced by a High-velocity Cloud Impact
• Diverse Molecular Structures Across The Whole Star-Forming Disk of M83: High fidelity Imaging at 40pc Resolution
• Nobeyama 45 m Mapping Observations toward Orion A. II. Classification of cloud structures and variation of the ${}^{13}$CO/C${}^{18}$O abundance ratio due to far-UV Radiation
• A Statistical Study of Massive Cluster-Forming Clumps
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). III. Dynamical effect on molecular gas density and star formation in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4303
• Dense Molecular Clumps associated with the LMC Supergiant Shells LMC 4 \& LMC 5
• The role of SiO as a tracer of past star-formation events: The case of the high-mass protocluster NGC 2264-C
• The intrinsic abundance ratio and X-factor of CO isotopologues in L1551 shielded from FUV photodissociation
• Optimization by Smoothed Bandpass Calibration in Radio Spectroscopy
• High-mass star formation in Orion possibly triggered by cloud-cloud collision III, NGC2068 and NGC2071
• A molecular cloud within the light echo of V838 Monocerotis
• High Velocity Outflow in CO J=7-6 from the Orion Hot Core
• Interaction between Northern Coal Sack in the Cyg OB 7 cloud complex and the multiple super nova remnants including HB 21
• Similarity between the C18O (J=1-0) core mass function and the IMF in the S 140 region
• A centrally concentrated sub-solar mass starless core in the Taurus L1495 filamentary complex
• An International Survey of Front-End Receivers and Observing Performance of Telescopes for Radio Astronomy
• ALMA ACA and Nobeyama observations of two Orion cores in deuterated molecular lines
• The Fossil Nuclear Outflow in the Central 30 pc of the Galactic Center
• CO(J=3-2) On-the-fly Mapping of the Nearby Spiral Galaxies NGC 628 and NGC 7793: Spatially-resolved CO(J=3-2) Star-formation Law
• Molecular Cloud Cores with High Deuterium Fractions: Nobeyama Mapping Survey
• CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) line ratio on $\sim$100 parsec scale in the nearby barred galaxy NGC1300
• Discovery of Infalling Motion with Rotation of the Cluster-Forming Clump S235AB and Its Implication to the Clump Structures
• Toward Understanding the Origin of Turbulence in Molecular Clouds: Small Scale Structures as Units of Dynamical Multi-Phase Interstellar Medium
• Increasing mass-to-flux ratio from the dense core to the protostellar envelope around the Class 0 protostar HH 211
• The Caltech-NRAO Stripe 82 Survey (CNSS) Paper II: On-The-Fly Mosaicing Methodology
• Properties of Molecular Gas in Galaxies in Early and Mid Stage of the Interaction: I. Distribution of Molecular Gas
• Maps of Massive Clumps in the Early Stage of Cluster Formation: Two Modes of Cluster Formation, Coeval or Non-Coeval?
• Nobeyama 45-m Mapping Observations toward Orion A. III. Multi-Line Observations toward an Outflow-shocked Region, OMC-2 FIR
• Observations of the [CI] (${}^3{P}_1$-${}^3{P}_0$) emission toward the massive star-forming region RCW38: further evidence for highly-clumped density distribution of the molecular gas
• A survey of molecular cores in M17 SWex
• Wide Field CO Mapping in the Region of IRAS 19312+1950
• NRO M33 All-Disk Survey of Giant Molecular Clouds (NRO MAGiC): II. Dense Gas Formation within Giant Molecular Clouds in M33
• Molecular clouds at the eastern edge of radio nebula W50
• A Dynamically Collapsing Core and a Precursor of a Core in a Filament Supported by Turbulent and Magnetic Pressures
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties in the Central and Bar Regions of NGC 6946
• FOREST unbiased Galactic plane imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope (FUGIN): Possible evidence of cloud-cloud collisions triggering high-mass star formation in the giant molecular cloud M16 (Eagle Nebula)
• A new off-point-less observing method for millimeter and submillimeter spectroscopy with a frequency-modulating local oscillator (FMLO)
• A kinematic analysis of the CO clouds toward a reflection nebula NGC 2023 observed with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope; Further evidence for a cloud-cloud collision in the Orion region
• Nobeyama 45 m Local Spur CO survey. I. Giant molecular filaments and cluster formation in the Vulpecula OB association
• Investigation of Chemical Differentiation among the NGC2264 Cluster-Forming Clumps
• Nobeyama Survey of Inward Motions toward Cores in Orion Identified by SCUBA-2
• Discovery of the Pigtail Molecular Cloud in the Galactic Center
• Cloud structures in M17 SWex : Possible cloud-cloud collision
• Cluster formation induced by a cloud--cloud collision in [DBS2003]179
• 12CO and 13CO J=3-2 observations toward N11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Physical properties of the molecular cloud, N4, in SS433; Evidence for an interaction of molecular cloud with the jet from SS433
• 13CO(J=1-0) On-the-fly Mapping of the Giant HII Region NGC 604: Variation in Molecular Gas Density and Temperature due to Sequential Star Formation
• "Slow-Scanning" in Ground-Based Mid-Infrared Observation
• The interstellar medium in Andromeda's dwarf spheroidal galaxies: II. Multi-phase gas content and ISM conditions
• Spectroscopic Evidence for Gas Infall in GF9-2
• Atomic Carbon [CI]${(}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0)$ Mapping of the Nearby Galaxy M83
• Slow-scan Observations with the Infrared Camera (IRC) on-board AKARI
• ASTE CO(3--2) Observations of the Southern Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 986: a Large Gaseous Bar Filled with Dense Molecular Medium
• Properties of Molecular Gas in Galaxies in Early and Mid Stages of Interaction. III. Resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt Law
• Detection of molecular clouds in the PeVatron candidate source LHAASO J0341$+$5258 by the Nobeyama 45-m radio telescope
• Correlation of gas dynamics and dust in the evolved filament G82.65-02.00
• Discovery of a distant molecular cloud in the extreme outer Galaxy with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope
• Implementation of Tidbinbilla 70-m On-The-Fly mapping and Hydrogen radio recombination line early results
• Millimeter-wave Molecular Line Observations of the Tornado Nebula
• A low cosmic-ray ionisation rate in the prestellar core Ophiuchus/H-MM1. Mapping of the molecular ions ortho-H2D+, N2H+, and DCO+
• Cluster Formation in GGD12-15: Infall Motion with Rotation of the Natal Clump
• Ammonia mapping observations of the Galactic infrared bubble N49: Three NH${}_3$ clumps along the molecular filament
• Offline Correction of Atmospheric Effects on Single-Dish Radio Spectroscopy
• FUGIN hot core survey. I. Survey method and initial results for $l=10^{\circ }-20^{\circ }$
• Parabolic-like Trend in SiO Ratios throughout the Central Molecular Zone: Possible Signature of a Past Nuclear Activity in the Galactic Center
• Exploring HI Galaxy Redshift Survey Strategies for the FAST Core Array Interferometry
• Near-Ultraviolet Radiation toward Molecular Cloud N4 in W 50/SS 433: Evidence for Direct Interaction of the Jet with Molecular Cloud
• Discovery of CO Clouds Associated with the X-ray Jets of SS 433: Evidence for Shock-Cloud Interaction Enhancing Nonthermal X-ray Emission
• Hadronic Scenario for Galactic PeVatron LHAASO J1912+1014u Supported by Fermi-LAT $\gamma$-ray Data and FUGIN CO Data