5 papers · 1 filter
The Token Not Taken: Sampling, State, and the Stochasticity of AI Agents
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Raja Iqbal
Agentic AI systems can behave differently across runs: the same request may produce a different plan, a different tool call, a different code edit, or a different final answer. Suc…
Governing Technical Debt in Agentic AI Systems
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Raja Iqbal, Narayan Ramasubbu
Agentic AI systems are increasingly being explored as production infrastructure: they reason over multiple steps, call tools, act through workflows, and adapt through memory and fe…
Modeling Agentic Technical Debt and Stochastic Tax: A Standalone Framework for Measurement, Simulation, and Dashboarding
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Raja Iqbal, Narayan Ramasubbu
Agentic AI systems combine probabilistic reasoning with delegated action through tools, context, memory, orchestration, and external workflow integration. This note develops a form…
Redrawing the AI Map: A Theory of Accountability Boundaries in Agentic Ecosystems
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Farooq Muzaffar
Agentic AI orchestrators reduce the interface and assembly costs of composing information systems capabilities across organizational boundaries, seemingly accelerating modularizati…
Going Headless? On the Boundaries of Vertical AI Firms
Muhammad Zia Hydari, Farooq Muzaffar
Vertical AI firms in accounting, law, healthcare, procurement, and similar domains historically bundled workflow, domain logic, and accountability into a single application. Genera…